1. CGS 3763 Operating Systems Concepts Spring 2013 Dan C. Marinescu Office: HEC 304 Office hours: M-Wd 11:30 - 12:30 AM

2. Last time: Atomicity Coordination with a bounded buffer  Today Storage models Types of storage Transactions Next time  Memory management Reading assignments  Chapters 8 and 9 of the textbook Lecture 30 – Wednesday, April 3, 2013 Lecture 322

3. Asynchronous events and signals Signals, or software interrupts, were originally introduced in Unix to notify a process about the occurrence of a particular event in the system. Signals are analogous to hardware I/O interrupts:  When a signal arrives, control will abruptly switch to the signal handler.  When the handler is finished and returns, control goes back to where it came from After receiving a signal, the receiver reacts to it in a well-defined manner. That is, a process can tell the system (OS) what they want to do when signal arrives:  Ignore it.  Catch it and deliver it. In this case, it must specify (register) the signal handling procedure. This procedure resides in the user space. The kernel will make a call to this procedure during the signal handling and control returns to kernel after it is done.  Kill the process (default for most signals). Examples: Event - child exit, signal - to parent. Control signal from keyboard. Lecture 323

4. Thread synchronization Case studies Solaris Windows XP Linux Pthreads On uniprocessor /single-core systems:  the simplest solution to achieve mutual exclusion is to disable interrupts during a process' critical section. This will prevent any a process from being preempted.  a more elegant method for achieving mutual exclusion is the busy-wait. Mutex – mutual exclusion object 4Lecture 32

5. Solaris Implements a variety of locks to support multitasking, multithreading (including real-time threads), and multiprocessing Uses adaptive mutexes for efficiency when protecting data from short code segments Uses condition variables and readers-writers locks when longer sections of code need access to data Uses turnstiles to order the list of threads waiting to acquire either an adaptive mutex or reader-writer lock 5Lecture 32

6. Windows XP Uses interrupt masks to protect access to global resources on uniprocessor systems Uses spinlocks on multiprocessor systems Also provides dispatcher objects which may act as either mutexes and semaphores Dispatcher objects may also provide events  An event acts much like a condition variable 6Lecture 32

7. Linux Linux:  Prior to kernel Version 2.6, disables interrupts to implement short critical sections  Version 2.6 and later, fully preemptive Linux provides:  semaphores  spin locks 7Lecture 32

8. Pthreads synchronization User-level threads library The API is OS-independent It provides:  mutex locks  condition variables Non-portable extensions include:  read-write locks  spin locks

9. Storage models Cell storage Journal storage Lecture 329

10. Desirable properties of cell storage Lecture 3210

11. Lecture 3211

12. Lecture 3212

13. Types of Storage Media Volatile storage  information stored here does not survive system crashes., e.g., main memory, cache. Nonvolatile storage – Information usually survives crashe; e.g., disk and tape Stable storage – Information never lost  Not actually possible, so approximated via replication or RAID to devices with independent failure modes 13Lecture 32

14. Transaction processing system Goal  ensure ACID properties even when the system crashes. Lecture 3214

15. Log-Based Recovery Record to stable storage information about all modifications by a transaction Most common is write-ahead logging  Log on stable storage, each log record describes single transaction write operation, including  Transaction name  Data item name  Old value  New value  written to log when transaction T i starts  written when T i commits Log entry must reach stable storage before operation on data occurs 15Lecture 32

16. Log-based recovery algorithm Using the log, system can handle any volatile memory errors  Undo(T i ) restores value of all data updated by T i  Redo(T i ) sets values of all data in transaction T i to new values Undo(T i ) and redo(T i ) must be idempotent  Multiple executions must have the same result as one execution If system fails, restore state of all updated data via log  If log contains without, undo(T i )  If log contains and, redo(T i ) 16Lecture 32

17. Checkpoints Log could become long, and recovery could take long Checkpoints shorten log and recovery time. Checkpoint scheme: 1. Output all log records currently in volatile storage to stable storage 2. Output all modified data from volatile to stable storage 3. Output a log record to the log on stable storage Now recovery only includes Ti, such that Ti started executing before the most recent checkpoint, and all transactions after Ti All other transactions already on stable storage 17Lecture 32

18. Concurrent transactions Must be equivalent to serial execution – serializability Could perform all transactions in critical section  Inefficient, too restrictive Concurrency-control algorithms provide serializability 18Lecture 32

19. Serializability Consider two data items A and B Consider Transactions T 0 and T 1 Execute T 0, T 1 atomically Execution sequence called schedule Atomically executed transaction order called serial schedule For N transactions, there are N! valid serial schedules 19Lecture 32

20. Schedule 1: T 0 then T 1 20Lecture 32

21. Non-serial schedule Non-serial schedule allows overlapped execute  Resulting execution not necessarily incorrect Consider schedule S, operations O i, O j  Conflict if access same data item, with at least one write If O i, O j consecutive and operations of different transactions & O i and O j don’t conflict  Then S’ with swapped order O j O i equivalent to S If S can become S’ via swapping nonconflicting operations  S is conflict serializable 21Lecture 32

22. Schedule 2: Concurrent serializable schedule 22Lecture 32

23. Locking Protocol Ensure serializability by associating lock with each data item  Follow locking protocol for access control Locks  Shared – T i has shared-mode lock (S) on item Q, T i can read Q but not write Q  Exclusive – Ti has exclusive-mode lock (X) on Q, T i can read and write Q Require every transaction on item Q acquire appropriate lock If lock already held, new request may have to wait  Similar to readers-writers algorithm 23Lecture 32

24. Two-phase locking protocol Generally ensures conflict serializability Each transaction issues lock and unlock requests in two phases  Growing – obtaining locks  Shrinking – releasing locks Does not prevent deadlock 24Lecture 32

25. Timestamp-based protocols Select order among transactions in advance – timestamp-ordering Transaction T i associated with timestamp TS(T i ) before T i starts  TS(T i ) < TS(T j ) if Ti entered system before T j  TS can be generated from system clock or as logical counter incremented at each entry of transaction Timestamps determine serializability order  If TS(T i ) < TS(T j ), system must ensure produced schedule equivalent to serial schedule where T i appears before T j 25Lecture 32

26. Timestamp-based protocol implementation Data item Q gets two timestamps  W-timestamp(Q) – largest timestamp of any transaction that executed write(Q) successfully  R-timestamp(Q) – largest timestamp of successful read(Q)  Updated whenever read(Q) or write(Q) executed Timestamp-ordering protocol assures any conflicting read and write executed in timestamp order Suppose Ti executes read(Q)  If TS(T i ) < W-timestamp(Q), Ti needs to read value of Q that was already overwritten read operation rejected and T i rolled back  If TS(T i ) ≥ W-timestamp(Q) read executed, R-timestamp(Q) set to max(R-timestamp(Q), TS(T i )) 26Lecture 32

27. Timestamp-ordering protocol Suppose Ti executes write(Q)  If TS(T i ) < R-timestamp(Q), value Q produced by T i was needed previously and T i assumed it would never be produced Write operation rejected, T i rolled back  If TS(T i ) < W-tiimestamp(Q), T i attempting to write obsolete value of Q Write operation rejected and T i rolled back  Otherwise, write executed Any rolled back transaction T i is assigned new timestamp and restarted Algorithm ensures conflict serializability and freedom from deadlock 27Lecture 32

28. Schedule Under Timestamp Protocol 28Lecture 32

29. 29

30. Signals state and implementation A signal has the following states:  Signal send - A process can send signal to one of its group member process (parent, sibling, children, and further descendants).  Signal delivered - Signal bit is set.  Pending signal - delivered but not yet received (action has not been taken).  Signal lost - either ignored or overwritten. Implementation: Each process has a kernel space (created by default) called signal descriptor having bits for each signal. Setting a bit is delivering the signal, and resetting the bit is to indicate that the signal is received. A signal could be blocked/ignored. This requires an additional bit for each signal. Most signals are system controlled signals.  and sets mem=LOCKED Lecture 3230