1. CENTROPA.ORG Erna Goldman

2. Early Germany

3. Leader of Early Germany Germany was led by the infamous Adolf Hitler. He is known and recognized for the genocide of Jews during the mid-1900s.

4. Religion in Early Germany The main religions in Germany at that time were Lutheranism and Catholicism. Before 1929, Jews were viewed as normal people in the country of Germany. Many served as soldiers, teachers, doctors, nurses, and some even ran their own business. The Jews were proud and patriotic Germans. However, the German government quickly revoked any freedoms that Jews had and massacred hundreds of thousands of them.

5. Economy in Early Germany Germany had a booming economy during the 1910s and the 1920s. However, due to the falling stock market in the United States, the German economy began to plummet. The unemployment rate grew from 650,00 to 3,000,000 in a matter of two years. Many small business shut down, farmers were hurting, and bankruptcy became more and more common. Most of the population was left starving.

6. Popular Books in Early Germany The Magic Mountain by Thomas Mann. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for this and other works of literature. Adolf Hitler composed his autobiography in 1925. One years later, he wrote a second volume of it, and the People’s Edition of it was published in 1930.

7. Early Israel In the mid-1900s, Israel was known as Palestine. Before Israel declared its independence, it was under British control. Eventually, it demanded independence and received it in 1948. The country fought through later wars courageously and since has defended its freedom.

8. Religions in Early Israel Christianity and Judaism were two of the most common religions in Palestine

9. Family Photos Young Erna Goldman Her maiden name was Guggenheim.

10. Family Photos Erna and her husband Moshe Goldman

11. Family Photos Erna and her two boys Daniel and Rafael

12. Timeline of Erna Goldman’s Life 1917 – Erna Goldman was born Germany and lived at Eschenheim Anlage 30 in central Frankfurt 1933 – On January 30, the German government passed a law that prohibited Jews from engaging with the public. This affected Erna’s education as well as ending the family business. 1934 – Erna’s brother Karl emigrated to Palestine as well as her boyfriend Moshe. 1932- Erna began an apprenticeship at local goldsmith shop. 1935 – Erna attended the Frankfurt Arts School but was later not allowed to return due to earlier laws. During this same year, she also lost her father from a heart attack. 1936 – Erna got a visitor’s pass to Jerusalem to visit her loved ones. Soon after, she and her mother moved to Tel Aviv to live there. 1937 – Erna marries her one love, Moshe, on Christmas Eve. 1939 – Erna’s grandfather dies in Frankfurt, Germany. During this year, World War II also began. 1940s – The Goldman’s first child, Daniel, was born. 1951 – Erna’s second son, Rafael, was born. 1967 – Erna’s husband, Moshe Goldman, was died from heart failure during the Six Day War. 1990 – Daniel, the Goldman’s firstborn, was killed in a tragic car accident.

13. Erna Today Today, Erna Goldman resides in Tel Aviv, Israel. She spent her 90 th birthday in Jaffa, Israel at a nicely decorated restaurant with her son Rafael, her brother Paul, and his children and grandchildren. Erna loves life in the Middle East and never wishes to leave.