2. COMPUTERS AND STATISTICS IN ARCHAEOLOGY Week 5. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) - 3 © Richard Haddlesey www.medievalarchitecture.net

3. Aims WEEK 5 Discuss the use of photography and satellite date in GIS Outline raster data sources Load and georeference aerial photographs in ArcGIS Examine different display options when using raster images in ArcGIS WEEK 6 Databases and their use in GIS Designing databases for GIS usage Displaying database data in ArcGIS Querying database data in ArcGIS Displaying the results of spatial queries

4. Strengths Vector l Compact data storage l Scalable presentation l Object based l Database linkage Raster l Analytical capabilities l Surfaces l Continuous quantities l Pixellated data

5. Raster applications l Continuously varying quantities –Elevation, slope, climate –Pixellated data (remote sensing) l Analytical capabilities –Neighbourhood & overlay –Modelling, prediction, decision support –Surfaces, cost, optimum routes, visibility

6. Data collection (4) l Satellite images/Aerial photos Georeferencing Resolution - 80/30/15/10/5/3/2 Multi-band sensors, SAR Image processing / classification Stereo pairs l Geophysical methods GPR Magnetometry Resistivity

7. Satellite imagery in archaeology 1.Has a very short history despite the fact that satellites have existed since the 1950s 2.The main reason is that until recently civilian satellite images were very low resolution 3.Has taken off since 1996 as a result of: a.De-classification of some military satellite imagery b. Launch of civilian satellite platforms with high-resolution sensors

8. Resolution of satellite sensors This is measured in the area represented by one pixel of sensor data

9. 1 st May 1960 Gary Powers was shot down over Sverdlovsk The US could not afford to suffer the same embarrassment again and needed a means of acquiring high resolution photographs with limited risks. An upgraded CORONA was the answer

10. Corona A spy satellite system employed between 1959 and 1973. Initially is was deployed as a low resolution platform to obtain photographs for mapping As a result of events on 1 st May 1960 its cameras were upgraded to take high resolution pictures The US Government denied its existence until 1996 when all CORONA imagery was declassified. It is now available to all for $18/shot$18/shot

11. Corona

12. Corona and site prospection CORONA satellites were mainly depoloyed over the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact until 1967. Between 1967 and 1973 they were also deployed over the Middle East

13. ICONOS In 2002 imagery was commissioned from the ICONOS platform ICONOS is the first of a new generation of civilian satellites able to acquire high- resolution multispectral data (EROS and Quickbird are two others) ICONOS enables us to look at landscape changes in the last 20 years and to determine whether the additional spectral range enables the identification of further sites