1. The Anglo-Saxons 449-1066

2. Contributions of the British Robin Hood and Shakespeare Theory of Gravity Industrial Revolution Radar Penicillin The Beatles Political system that many other countries, including the US, have imitated

3. Celtic Heroes and Heroines: A Magical World I.People A. Celts – Tall blonde warriors who had settled on Great Britain in the fourth century B. Brythons – Group of Celts who the island was named after (Britons) II.Religion – Animism A. They saw spirits everywhere – rivers, trees, stones, ponds, fire, and thunder B. Sprits controlled all aspects of existence C. The spirits had to be constantly satisfied- dancing rituals, human sacrifice, etc.

5. Celtic Heroes and Heroines: A Magical World III. Writing A. Mythology of the Celts has influenced English and Irish writers to this day. B. Authors who were influenced by the Celts: Thomas Majory and William Butler Yeats. C. Celtic legends are full of strong women, fantastic animals, passionate love affairs, and fabulous adventures.

6. The Romans: The Great Administrators IV. The Britons were finally conquered by Rome, led by Julius Caesar, in 55 BC. Christianity took hold under the leadership of European missionaries. The old Celtic religion began to vanish. By A.D. 409, Romans had evacuated Britain leaving roads, walls, villas, great public baths, but no central government. The result was weakness, which led to many successful invasions by non-Christian peoples from the Germanic regions of central Europe.

8. The Anglo-Saxons Sweep Ashore V. In the middle of the 5 th Century, attacks came from Angles and Saxons from Germany and Jutes from Denmark. A. Changes 1.Language – Anglo-Saxon 2.Became known as Engla land from the Angles 3. Celts retreated to Wales

9. The Anglo-Saxons Sweep Ashore B. Government 1. Several independent principalities with its own king 2. King Alfred of Wessex (871), Alfred the Great, led the Anglo Saxons against the invading Danes and won. He helped form a true nation

11. The Anglo-Saxons Sweep Ashore C. Christianity A. Irish and Continental missionaries converted the kings B. Provided a common faith and morality and right conduct C. Linked England to Europe

12. The Anglo-Saxons Sweep Ashore D. Battle - Continued until 1066 when both the Anglo-Saxons and Danes were defeated by the Normans. 1. Danes – Vikings who drove dragon powered boats destroying and ravaging anything and anybody in their path

14. Anglo-Saxon Life: The Warm Hall, the Cold World VI. Life of the Anglo-Saxons 1. Warfare was the order of the day 2. As Beowulfshows, law and order were the responsibility of the leader 3. Fame and success were gained only through loyalty to the leader and success was measured in gifts from the leader

15. The Anglo-Saxon Religion VII. Despite Christianity, the old Anglo-Saxon religion with its warrior gods persisted. A. Odin was the Norse god of death, poetry, and magic. Anglo-Saxons renamed him Woden (Wednesday). They believed he could help humans communicate with spirits. B. Thunor (Thursday) was the god of thunder and lightning. His sign was the hammer and swastika, which is found on many Anglo-Saxon gravestones.

16. The Anglo-Saxon Religion C. The dragon was another significant figure in Anglo-Saxon mythology. It seems to always be the protector of a treasure. It is a personification of death. D. Overall, the religion was concerned with ethics, virtues of bravery, loyalty, generosity, and friendship.

17. The Bards: Singing of God’s and Heroes VIII. The communal hall offered shelter, a place for council meetings, and a place for storytelling. Skilled storyteller, or Bards, sang of god ’ s and heroes. The Anglo-Saxons did not regard these Bards, called Scops, as inferior to warriors. Creating poetry was as important as fighting, hunting, farming, or loving. The poets sang to the strumming of a harp.

18. Time Line 449- Angles, Saxons, and Jutes invade Britain 516 – King Arthur rules Celtic tribe 547 – Plague reaches Britain 793- Vikings invade Britain 871 – Alfred the Great becomes King 1066- Normans defeat Saxons; William the Conqueror becomes English king

19. Beowulf

20. Epic- sometimes called a heroic poem-Beowulf, the Illiad, the Odyssey- are long narratives about the adventures of larger than life characters.

21. Characteristics of an epic: Hero- great leader, does great deeds in battle, or undertakes an extraordinary journey Setting- Broad and often includes the upper and lower worlds The gods or other supernatural, fantastic beings take part in the action

22. Characters Beowulf- Son of Edgetho and nephew of Higlac, King of the Geats Brecca- Chief of the Brondings and Beowulf’s friend Grendel- Man-eating monster who lives at the bottom of a foul mere, mountain lake Herot- Golden guest hall built by King Hrothgar

23. Characters Hrothgar- King of the Danes; friend of Beowulf’s father Edgetho Unferth- One of Hrothgar’s skilled warriors. His sword, Hrunting, is used by Beowulf Welthow- Hrothgar’s wife, queen of the Danes Wiglaf- Beowulf’s best friend who helps him with the battle of the dragon

24. Setting Beowulf is set in the 6 th or 7 th century. It is not set in England, nor or its characters English. The story takes place in Scandinavia and involves the Geats (Sweden) and the Danes (Denmark). Scandinavians were known collectively as Anglo-Saxons. It was first put into writing by a scop in the 700’s.