1. Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory

2. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering Children think differently than adults do

3. Child’s Thinking Play “The Magic Years” (10:00) Segment #25 from Scientific American Frontiers: Video Collection for Introductory Psychology (2 nd edition)

4. Jean Piaget (pee-ah-ZHAY) (1896–1980) Swiss psychologist who became leading theorist in 1930’s Developmental psychologist who introduced a stage theory of cognitive development Proposed a theory consisting of four stages of cognitive development Believed that children actively try to make sense out of their environment rather than passively soaking up information about the world.

5. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Piaget believed that “children are active thinkers, constantly trying to construct more advanced understandings of the world” These “understandings” are in the form of structures he called schemas

6. Schemas Concepts or mental frameworks that people use to organize and interpret information Sometimes called schemes A person’s “picture of the world”

7. Development of Schemas Schemas are frameworks that develop to help organize knowledge Assimilation—process of taking new information or a new experience and fitting it into an already existing schema Accommodation—process by which existing schemas are changed or new schemas are created in order to fit new information

8. Assimilation Interpreting a new experience within the context of one’s existing schemas The new experience is similar to other previous experiences

9. Accommodation Interpreting a new experience by adapting or changing one’s existing schemas The new experience is so novel the person’s schemata must be changed to accommodate it

10. Assimilation/Accommodation

12. As children assimilate new information and experiences, they eventually change their way of thinking to accommodate new knowledge

13. Piaget’s Approach Primary method was to ask children to solve problems and to question them about the reasoning behind their solutions Discovered that children think in radically different ways than adults Proposed that development occurs as a series of ‘stages’ differing in how the world is understood

14. Piaget’s 4 Cognitive Developmental Stages 1. Sensorimotor stage, – from birth to age 2 2. Preoperational stage, – from age 2 to age 7 3. Concrete operational stage, – from age 7 to age 11 4. Formal operational stage, – begins during adolescence and continues into adulthood. Each new stage represents a fundamental shift in how the child thinks and understands the world

15. Sensorimotor Stage (birth – 2) Information is gained directly through the senses and motor actions In this stage child perceives and manipulates but does not reason Symbols become internalized through language development Object permanence is acquired - the understanding that an object continues to exist even if it can’t be seen

16. Object Permanence The awareness that things continue to exist even when they cannot be sensed Occurs as babies gain experience with objects, as their memory abilities improve, and as they develop mental representations of the world, which Piaget called schemas Before 6 months infants act as if objects removed from sight cease to exist –Can be surprised by disappearance/reappearance of a face (peek-a-boo) –“Out of sight, out of mind”

17. Object Permanence

18. Play “Object Permanence” Video #15 from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology Click Here to view in a separate window

19. Preoperational Stage (2–7 years) The word operations refers to logical, mental activities; thus, the preoperational stage is a prelogical stage Children can understand language but not logic Emergence of symbolic thought - ability to use words, images, and symbols to represent the world. Centration - tendency to focus, or center, on only one aspect of a situation, usually a perceptual aspect, and ignore other relevant aspects of the situation Egocentrism - inability to take another person’s perspective or point of view Lack the concept of conservation - which holds that two equal quantities remain equal even if the appearance of one is changed, as long as nothing is added or subtracted Irreversibility - child cannot mentally reverse a sequence of events or logical operations back to the starting point

20. Egocentrism The child’s inability to take another person’s point of view –Child on the phone says, “See the picture I drew for you Grandpa!” and shows the picture to the phone. Includes a child’s inability to understand that symbols can represent other objects

21. Childhood Thinking Play “A Change of Mind” (12:00) Segment #26 from Scientific American Frontiers: Video Collection for Introductory Psychology (2 nd edition)

22. Conservation An understanding that certain properties remain constant despite changes in their form The properties can include mass, volume, and numbers.

23. Conservation Number In conservation of number tests, two equivalent rows of coins are placed side by side and the child says that there is the same number in each row. Then one row is spread apart and the child is again asked if there is the same number in each.

24. Conservation Length In conservation of length tests, two same-length sticks are placed side by side and the child says that they are the same length. Then one is moved and the child is again asked if they are the same length.

25. Conservation Substance In conservation of substance tests, two identical amounts of clay are rolled into similar-appearing balls and the child says that they both have the same amount of clay. Then one ball is rolled out and the child is again asked if they have the same amount.

26. Piaget’s Conservation Task Play “Piaget’s Conservation Task” Video #18 from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology To view in a separate window click here

27. Conservation

30. Types of Conservation Tasks

31. Concrete Operational Stage (7–12 years) Ability to think logically about concrete objects and situations Child can now understand conservation Classification and categorization Less egocentric Inability to reason abstractly or hypothetically

32. Formal Operational Stage (age 12 – adulthood) Ability to think logically about abstract principles and hypothetical situations Hypothetico-deductive reasoning (What if…. problems) Adolescent egocentrism illustrated by the phenomenon of personal fable and imaginary audience

33. Cognitive Development Play “Infant Cognitive Development” (7:14) Segment #14 from The Mind: Psychology Teaching Modules (2 nd edition)

34. Assessing Piaget’s Theory Scientific research has supported Piaget’s most fundamental idea: that infants, young children, and older children use distinct cognitive abilities to construct their understanding of the world BUT… Piaget underestimated the child’s ability at various ages. Piaget confused motor skill limitations with cognitive limitations in assessing object permanence during infancy. Piaget’s theory doesn’t take into account culture and social differences.

35. Piaget’s Theory Challenged New studies indicate infants do more than sense and react One study had 1-month-old babies suck one of two pacifiers without ever seeing them When shown both pacifiers, infants stared more at the one they had felt in their mouth This requires a sort of reasoning Renée Baillargeon used visual tasks, rather than manual tasks, and found that three-and-a-half- month-old infants could mentally represent objects that had disappeared from view

36. Critique of Piaget’s Theory Underestimates children’s abilities Overestimates age differences in thinking Vagueness about the process of change Underestimates the role of the social environment Lack of evidence for qualitatively different stages Some adults never display formal operational thought processes

37. Information-Processing Perspective Focuses on the mind as a system, analogous to a computer, for analyzing information from the environment Focuses on the development of fundamental mental processes, such as attention, memory, and problem solving Developmental improvements reflect –increased capacity of working memory –faster speed of processing –new algorithms (methods) –more stored knowledge

38. Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective Emphasized the child’s interaction with the social world (other people) as a cause of development Vygotsky believed language to be the foundation for social interaction and thought Piaget believed language was a byproduct of thought

39. Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective Believed that cognitive development is strongly influenced by social and cultural factors, such as the support and guidance that children receive from parents, other adults, and older children Children learn from interactions with other people –Zone of proximal development—what a child can do by interacting with another person, but can’t do alone. –Critical thinking based on dialogue with others who challenge ideas Piaget—focused on children’s interaction with the physical world

40. Cross-Cultural Viewpoint Cross-cultural studies show that cognitive development is strongly influenced by the skills that are valued and encouraged in a particular environment