1. Shanghai International Maritime Forum 2007 Oil Transportation and Pollution Prevention Tim Wilkins 国际油轮船东协会 Regional Manager Asia-Pacific Environmental Manager Image Courtesy of NORDEN AS

2. 1.Business Environment 2.Oil Transportation and Pollution Prevention 1.Accidental 2.Deliberate 3.Future considerations 国际油轮船东协会

3. World Oil Supply 1900-2005 (Million bls/day) 国际油轮船东协会

4. Crude Oil Seaborne Trade 1. Business Environment 国际油轮船东协会

5. Crude Imports (m tonnes) Source: Braemar Seascope 1. Business Environment 国际油轮船东协会

6. China: Crude oil import sources (‘000 tonnes) Source: Braemar Seascope 1. Business Environment 国际油轮船东协会

7. Oil consumption per capita (Litres/day - 2003) 1. Business Environment 国际油轮船东协会

8. The World needs Tankers World Oil Consumption 3.7 billion ts Transported by sea 2.3 billion ts > 60% transported by sea. As an Industry we may not be loved BUT WE ARE NEEDED 1. Business Environment 国际油轮船东协会

9. Zero tolerance 1. Business Environment 国际油轮船东协会 Source: International Herald Tribune, Tuesday October 11 2005

10. Tonnes spilt per billion tonne-mile transported So long as we have a demand we will have a risk… 2. Oil Transportation and Pollution Prevention 国际油轮船东协会

11. two branches to the problem Large Scale Accidental Spills Persistent and Deliberate Discharges the problems are obvious, the solutions are less so 2. Oil Transportation and Pollution Prevention 国际油轮船东协会

12. % 2. Oil Transportation and Pollution Prevention 国际油轮船东协会 Tanker fleet; double and single hull

13. Solutions - - Maintenance of existing vessels - - Coatings, integrity of welding… - - Enhanced Surveys (Condition Assessment) - - Role of Port State Control - - Places of Refuge: the Prestige disaster has clearly shown that arrangements to accommodate vessels in distress are inadequately regulated - - Protection of Fuel Tanks 2. Oil Transportation and Pollution Prevention 国际油轮船东协会

14. Solutions - - Maintenance of existing vessels - - Coatings, integrity of welding… - - Enhanced Surveys (Condition Assessment) 2. Oil Transportation and Pollution Prevention 国际油轮船东协会

15. Solutions - - Maintenance of existing vessels - - Coatings, integrity of welding… - - Enhanced Surveys (Condition Assessment) - - Role of Port State Control - - Places of Refuge: the Prestige disaster has clearly shown that arrangements to accommodate vessels in distress are inadequately regulated - - Protection of Fuel Tanks 2. Oil Transportation and Pollution Prevention 国际油轮船东协会

16. two branches to the problem Large Scale Accidental Spills Persistent and Deliberate Discharges the problems are obvious, the solutions are less so 2. Oil Transportation and Pollution Prevention 国际油轮船东协会

17. Oil and Chemicals 2. Oil Transportation and Pollution Prevention

18. – Oil into the sea from  fuel oil waste (sludge)  bilge oil (machinery waste oil)  tank washing, cargo residues Fuel Oil Sludge from All Ship Types187,990M/T Bilge Oil from All Ship Types64,400M/T Cargo Discharges from Tankers19,250M/T (1990 158,600M/T) 2. Oil Transportation and Pollution Prevention

19. Achieving zero discharge Industry Guidance on Use of Oily Water Separators and Completion of Oil Record Book Guide for treatment of engine room wastes – including means to limit generation of waste, better management of waste, better design and sizing of equipment, (revisions to MARPOL), and additional training 2. Oil Transportation and Pollution Prevention 国际油轮船东协会

20. Persistent and Deliberate Discharge of Oil A typical Reception and Treatment facility Courtesy of OSRL/EARL Singapore What to do with the waste oil: Incinerate (air emissions issue) Discharge at sea in legal quantities (15ppm) – not fuel oil sludge...! Discharge ashore 2. Oil Transportation and Pollution Prevention 国际油轮船东协会

21. Port Reception Facility issue International Law Obligates Availability and Adequacy Problems: ­Responsibility: Port vs Local Agencies ­Profitability ­Contaminated Oils Solutions – enforcement and responsibility: ­MARPOL Annex I ­EU Directive ­Case by case 2. Oil Transportation and Pollution Prevention 国际油轮船东协会

22. Achieving zero discharge 1.Provision of adequate reception facilities for all waste types 2.Harmonization of fee system and mandatory delivery of waste 3.Effective on-board waste system design – oil water separation management – chemical management 4.Effective waste treatment and monitoring technology – Industry best practice 5.Supported by: 1.Aerial surveillance 2.Oil tracing and fingerprinting technologies 2. Oil Transportation and Pollution Prevention 国际油轮船东协会

23. 3. Future challenges Reported tanker incidents with human error cases increasing groundings 17% collisions 33% The Human Element 国际油轮船东协会

24. 3. Future challenges Current and future shortages - Shortage now or in the future? Quality gap (training and experience) Attracting new officers – industry image and criminalisation Industry Action Human Element in Shipping Committee Tanker Officer Training Standards (TOTS) Cadet Berths – Survey & Policy STCW revision / IMO Human Element Committee The Human Element 国际油轮船东协会

25. thank you 国际油轮船东协会 For more information please visit www.intertanko.com www.intertanko.com tim.wilkins@intertanko.com 国际油轮船东协会