1. Fission and Fusion Plus reactors and Bombs

2. Conservation of Energy Something (left) → Something else (right) If Σ masses on left > Σ masses on right – Energy released and the reaction happens by itself –(radioactive decay, fission, fusion, etc) If not, energy needed to cause reaction (as in a particle accelerator)

3. Fission and fusion can yield energy

4. Nuclear Fission H:\PH 104\FISSI ON.mov

5. Liquid Drop Model

6. Nuclear Chain Reactions H:\PH 104\chainreaction.mov

7. Neutrons From Fission Possible Fission Fuel IsotopeAverage Neutron Released SlowFast 233 U2.292.45 235 U2.072.30 238 U00.97 U - natural1.341.02 239 Pu2.082.45

8. Controlled Nuclear Fission

9. Spontaneous Fission

10. Fission Fragments

11. Fission Fragment Example NOTE: |Chemical Reaction H + H + O = H 2 O + 3 eV

12. Fission Fragment Decay

13. Nuclear Fusion H:\PH 104\fusion.mov

14. Fusion Reactions in Sun

15. Fusion Reactions in The Lab

16. Energy Needed Energy Released Need Energy to Overcome Electric Force

17. Magnetic Confinement

18. TOKAMAK

19. Inertial Confinement

21. Beam Line

23. NIF Target Chamber

26. Cold Fusion

31. History 1932 - Chadwick discovers neutron 1934 – Fermi studies systematics of neutron capture. 1934 – Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, Fritz Strassman conducted similar experiments, but didn’t publish. 1938 - Meitner fled to Switzerland and with her nephew, Otto Frish, conclusively demonstrated fission 1939 – Leo Szilard and Walter Zinn found neutrons also emitted – Chain Reaction

32. Lise Meitner 1878-1968 In 1917, she and chemist Otto Hahn discovered protactinium. She was given her own physics section at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Chemistry In 1923, she discovered the cause of something known as the Auger effect 1933, Meitner was acting director of the Institute for Chemistry 1938, Meitner escaped to Holland. She took a lab position in Stockholm, worked w/ Niels Bohr and continued to correspond with Hahn and other German scientists.

33. Hahn and Meitner met clandestinely in Copenhagen in November 1938 to plan a new round of experiments. The experiments which provided the evidence for nuclear fission were done at Hahn's laboratory in Berlin. She was the first person to realize that the nucleus of an atom could be split into smaller parts

34. It was politically impossible for the exiled Meitner to publish jointly with Hahn in 1939. Hahn published the chemical findings in January 1939 and Meitner published the physical explanation two months later with her nephew, physicist Otto Robert Frisch, and named the process "nuclear fission“ 1944, Hahn received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the discovery of nuclear fission. 1966 Hahn, Fritz Strassmann and Meitner together were awarded the Enrico Fermi Award.

35. Nuclear Reactors and the Nuclear Fuel Cycle

36. Fission

37. Chain Reaction

38. Controlled Nuclear Fission

39. Neutrons From Fission Possible Fission Fuel IsotopeAverage Neutron Released SlowFast 233 U2.292.45 235 U2.072.30 238 U00.97 U - natural1.341.02 239 Pu2.082.45

40. Reactor Components Moderator –Small A –Small probability of absorbing neutrons; Water Heavy water (deuterium) Graphite Coolant Control Rods –Absorbers that suck up neutrons Cadmium, indium, boron Delayed neutrons (0.7%)

42. Uranium Isotopes

43. Enrichment Numbers Low-Enriched Uranium (LEU) or Reactor Grade Fuel = 3-5% U 235 Highly-Enriched Uranium (HEU) or Weapons Grade Fuel = 80-95% U 235

44. World Uranium Reserves Australia24% Kazakhstan17 Canada13 South Africa 9 Russia 6 Nambia 6 US 4 Niger 3 Uzbekistan 3 Most Uranium currently comes from Canada, followed by Australia and Niger

45. Uranium Mine in Niger (Sahara Desert)

46. Conversion of Uranium Ore to “Yellow Cake”

47. Uranium Mining

48. Enrichment Starts with UF 6

49. Calutron (Mass Spectrometer)

51. Enrichment - Centrifuge

52. Centrifuge Cascade

55. Uranium Is Encased in Solid Ceramic Pellets

56. Fuel Pellet

57. Nuclear Fuel Assembly Fuel Pellet

58. Reactor Core

59. Boiling Water Reactor

61. PWR

63. CANDU

64. Graphite Reactor

65. Plutonium Production

68. www.ieer.org/sdafiles/ vol_5/5-1/purexch.

69. Plutonium Fuel Cycle

70. Breeder Reactor

71. TMI

74. Smithsonian

75. First Entry Summer 1980

76. Reactor Core

77. Chernobyl Reactor

78. Aftermath

81. Contamination

86. Reactor 1

87. Reactor 2

88. Reactor 3

89. Reactor 4

90. Operational Reactors 435

91. Permanently Shut Down 140

92. Percent Share of Electrical Energy

93. Reactors By Age

94. Under Construction

95. Why? http://www.oncorgroup.com/community/education/ knowledgecollege/energy_library/elec_nuc.asp Efficient! No Atmospheric Pollution

96. Cons Potential for serious disaster. i.e. Chernobyl, Three Mile Island, etc. Fuel is expensive to mine, enrich, and transport Once fuel is spent no easy way to get rid of it! Nuclear Waste

97. Nuclear Weapons Classified

98. History Part 2 1939 – Neils Bohr and John Wheeler proposed detailed theory (Liquid Drop Model) 1939 – Fermi unsuccessfully tried to alert US Navy of importance of research 1939 – Einstein’s famous letter to Roosevelt (Szilard, and Wigner) 1941 – Britain joins US effort 1942 – Fermi, first reactor in Chicago, Oppenheimer in charge.

99. Neutrons From Fission Possible Fission Fuel IsotopeAverage Neutron Released SlowFast 233 U2.292.45 235 U2.072.30 238 U00.97 U - natural1.341.02 239 Pu2.082.45

100. Manhattan Project Gen GrovesOppenheimer

101. Oak Ridge - K-25 Enrichment Plant - 235 U

102. K-25 Enrichment Plant

103. 1 st Reactor Fermi’s First Reactor

105. Hanford Reactor – 239 Pu

106. Hanford Reactor

107. Los Alamos – Science, Assembly

109. Critical “Mass” How much material needed to sustain a chain reaction and build a weapon. Depends on –Mass –Shape –Density –Configuration

110. Critical Masses FuelCritical Mass W/O With Tamper (U) With Tamper (Be) Natural Uranium No! 20 % 235 U160 kg65 kg 50 % 235 U68 kg25 kg 100 % 235 U47 kg16 kg14 kg 80 % 239 Pu5.4 kg 100 % 239 Pu10 kg4.5 kg4 kg

111. Explosion Sequence Numbers of Fissions Boom!

112. Yield Yield of Nuclear Weapons in equivalent exposive power of tonnes of TNT –(1 tonne = 1000 kg) 1 kT = 1000 tonnes is equivalent to 4.2x10 12 J of energy –(from 0.056 kg of 235 U) 1 MT = 1 million tonnes of TNT

114. Gun-Barrel Device

115. Little Boy: A Gun-Type Bomb 28” in diameter, 10” long, 9,000 lbs 50 kg of Uranium, 70% 235 U Critical mass = 17” in diameter Y = 12.5 kT

116. Neutron Trigger PoBe

117. Plutonium Bomb In a Reactor three isotopes of Plutonium produced 239 Pu, 240 Pu, 241 Pu 240 Pu and 241 Pu undergo spontaneous fission A gun barrel design too slow to prevent a “fizzle” Spontaneous Fission 240 Pu and 241 Pu

118. Plutonium Bomb In a Reactor three isotopes of Plutonium produced 239 Pu, 240 Pu, 241 Pu 240 Pu and 241 Pu undergo spontaneous fission A gun barrel design too slow to prevent a “fizzle”

119. Fat Man: Implosion-type bomb

121. Fat Man: Implosion-Type Bomb 60” in diameter, 10”8” long 5 kg of Pu Y = 20 kT

122. Nuclear Fusion

123. Second Use of Fusion Actual Fusion Explosion Used Liquid tritium and deuterium Size of a building 10 MT 1952

124. Important Elements of Fusion Bomb Lithium Hydride (LH) but made with deuterium Lithium deuteride LD Just need a source of neutrons and lots of energy and high temperatures

125. Fission Bomb!

126. Fusion Weapon

127. Sequence of Events 1.High explosive detonates – compresses Pu and trigger 2.Fission occurs 3.Neutrons reflected by casing changes lithium to tritium 4.X-rays focused by Styrofoam unto LD target 5.Fusion occurs releasing energy AND NEUTRONS 6.If outer casing made of 238 U, a second large fission explosion occurs! (If made of 235 U, an even bigger fission explosion (x2)) Possible Fission Fuel IsotopeAverage Neutron Released SlowFast 233 U2.292.45 235 U2.072.30 238 U00.97 U - natural1.341.02 239 Pu2.082.45

128. Bravo Test 1954 1st deliverable weapon 15 MT Didn’t realize extra yield from outer casing.

131. Federation of American Scientists