1. SPECIATION -The Origin of Species

2. What is speciation?  Recap:  Species = a population or group of populations whose individual members can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring  Speciation = the formation of a new species from existing species  Sometimes called macroevolution

3. Process of speciation: Parent species I. Barrier 2 separate species III. Don’t interbreed II. Diverge

4. Reproductive Isolation May Occur With or Without Geographic Isolation Allopatric speciation occurs when geographic isolation creates a reproductive barrier (an extrinsic mechanism). Sympatric speciation occurs when a reproductive barrier is created by something other than geographic isolation (intrinsic mechanisms).

5. Allopatric Speciation Two species of ground squirrel are postulated to have descended from a common ancestral population that was separated by formation of the Grand Canyon. Harris’ antelope squirrel White-tailed antelope squirrel

6. Intrinsic Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms Are Always Required for Speciation Intrinsic mechanisms involve changes to organisms that prevent interbreeding. In allopatric speciation, intrinsic mechanisms come into play once populations are physically separated. In sympatric speciation, intrinsic mechanisms are the only ones involved. Harris’ antelope squirrel White-tailed antelope squirrel

7. Isolating Mechanisms PREZYGOTIC BARRIERS  Prevents mating or egg fertilization if members of different species try to mate POST ZYGOTIC BARRIERS  Prevents viability of offspring or their ability to reproduce

8. Many Intrinsic Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms Drive Speciation (different habits within an overlapping range)

9. Many Intrinsic Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms Drive Speciation Courtship rituals, like these, are critical for mating within a species, but ineffective for attracting members of other species.

10. Many Intrinsic Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms Drive Speciation

11. A summary of reproductive barriers between closely related species

12. Many Intrinsic Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms Drive Speciation

13. Tigon Result of male tiger and female lion mating in captivity. Offspring are infertile. Separated both geographically and ecologically.

14. Liger Result of male lion and female tiger mating in captivity. Offspring are infertile.

18. Adaptive Radiation  The diversification of a common ancestral species into a variety of differently adapted species  Studies on islands – great "laboratories" to see how a population changes in response to new environmental conditions in isolation

19. FOUNDER SPECIES An example of adaptive radiation – these species all diverged from a common ancestor (founder species) Adaptive Radiation

21. Types of Evolution  Divergent – species that were once similar diverge or become increasingly distinct  Ex: finch beaks  Convergent – two unrelated species share similar traits because each has independently adapted to similar environmental conditions  Ex: bird and bee wings

22. Speciation Occurs at Widely Differing Rates A slow rate of speciation evidenced by a living horseshoe crab (13 extant species) and a 300 million year-old fossil species A rapid rate of speciation evidenced by Galapagos finches which have diversified into 13 species within the last 100,000 years.

23. Speciation Rates Generalists, like the horseshoe crab, tend to remain as stable species. Specialists, like the Galapagos finch, tend to be unstable as species.

24. Species Come and Go Best estimates from the fossil record indicate that greater than 99% of species that have exited are now extinct. A typical “lifetime” for a species is about 1 million years.

25. Mass Extinctions Are a Fact of Life

26. Speciation Dynamics - Gradualism or Punctuated Equilibrium? Punctuated equilibrium appears to be a more accurate view of speciation dynamics. Slow and steady change

27. Does Evolution Create the Perfect Organism? No, only better organisms as evolution is constrained by history and buffeted by random events. Essentially, every organism on earth is in significant part a sum of accidents.

31.  P. 373 #1-4, 7, 8, 11  Review Questions: text p. 387 #2, 3, 5-23, 25-27, 29-33, 43-47, 52, 53