1. Exam Review

2. Mosquitoes Announcements Speakers Today: Marty Whitehouse, Laura Strasinger Speakers Next Thursday: Sarah Stephan, Chris Gibson Read Chap 14, Mosquitoes

3. Mosquitoes Mosquitoes are flies (Diptera, they have 2 wings) Family Culicidae Larval and pupal stages are always aquatic Wings are covered in scales Mouthparts of females are adapted for piercing and sucking blood

4. The Business End Palps & antennae are used to find hosts Once the mosquito lands, the outer sheath slides back, exposing the mandilbes & maxillae These form the stylets which stab the skin. Sensors on the tip of the stylets confirm capillary location Sensory Setae Human Hair Blood Capillary Sensors Lower “Lip” (labium) Palp Mandibles & Maxillae Compound Eye

5. There are many species of mosquitoes About 2,500 species world-wide About 150 in North America 50 – 60 in Kentucky Each species has its own biology, behavior, ecology, etc. Implications: –No single control can be expected to work for all mosquitoes –Need to understand which species that you’re facing

6. Five Principal Genera in Kentucky Aedes – Most anthropophillic Anopheles – Malaria mosquitoes Culex – Orniphilic, disease threats Ochlerotatus – Important invaders Psorophora – Large, painful biters The dominant species you face depends on where you are.

7. Northern Kentucky, 2004 Boone Fleming 20 40 60 140 144 24252627 0 4 8 24 Campbell Grant 5 10 49 24252627 0 7.5 15 30 45 Week No. mosquitoes Cx. Pipiens/restuans Culex spp. Aedes spp. Ochlerotatus spp. Anopheles spp. Psorophora spp.

8. Western Kentucky, 2004 Daviess Fulton Union 24252627 0 75 150 663 10 20 80 130 180 24252627 0.00 12.50 25.00 Week No. mosquitoes Cx. Pipiens/restuans Culex spp. Aedes spp. Ochlerotatus spp. Anopheles spp. Psorophora spp.

9. Urban Kentucky, 2004 24252627 0 10 20 30 40 50 800 850 900 No. mosquitoes Week Fayette Jefferson Cx. Pipiens/restuans Aedes spp. Ochlerotatus spp. 23242526 0 25 50 75 990

10. Aedes vs. Culex Biology Aedes/OchlerotatusCulex Primary nuisance, very numerous Primary virus vectors Attacks mammalsAttacks birds, few human bites Daytime – early eveningLate night – early morning Lays eggs singly adjacent to water Lays eggs in rafts on water surface Overwinters as eggsOverwinters as adults Daytime resting sites < 10 ft (bushes) Daytime resting sites > 10 ft (trees) Anopheles and Psorophora cross these categories

11. Top 10 Mosquitoes in Kentucky 5 Major Genera Aedes Anopheles Culex Ochlerotatus Psorophora Other Genera in KY: Culiseta Toxorhynchites Uranotaenia Coquillittidia Orthopodomyia Wyeomyia

12. #1 Aedes albopictus Asian tiger mosquito Nuisance biter, potential dengue vector Feeds evenings, mornings on humans

13. #2 Aedes vexans Inland flood water mosquito Nuisance biter, transmits dog heartworm, WEE/EEE Feeds at dusk

14. #3 Culex pipiens/restuans Northern house mosquito Most likely to transmit WNV Feeds at night on birds, humans

15. #4 Ochlerotatus japonicus Asian bush mosquito Currently invading state Begins biting mid-morning, lower extremities

16. #5 Ochlerotatus triseriatus Eastern treehole mosquito Vector of La Cross encephalitis Feeds at dusk on small mammals, humans to lesser extent

17. #6 Anopheles punctipennis Mottled-wing Anopheles Aggressive nuisance biter Feeds during the day/dusk in shady/forested areas

18. #7 Anopheles quadrimaculatus/crucians Common malaria mosquito (quadrimac.) Vector of dog heartworm Feeds during day/dusk in shady/forested areas

19. #8 Ochlerotatus trivittatus Three-striped mosquito Aggressive nuisance biter, especially when hot, after rain Particularly prevalent in flooded woodlands Feeds during the day, dusk

20. #9 Psorophora ciliata/howardii Gallinipper Ouch!! Feeds during the day, at night

21. #10 Culex erraticus Weak flier, feeds mostly on forest animals May feed on humans when present

22. Generic Mosquito Life Cycle Larvae are wigglers Pupae are tumblers (quite active) Both breath air Eggs are laid on the surface of water in rafts (Culex) or singly (Anopheles) or near water (Aedes)

23. Most breath atmospheric air via a siphon

24. Mosquito Diet Most Larvae feed on algae but a few are predaceous and feed on other mosquito larvae Only females are blood sucking Males and females feed on nectar and other plant juices

25. After Emergence … Day 1 – Rest on nearest available moist/shady spot. Vertical surfaces. Day 2 – Carbohydrate feeding Day 2/3 – First blood meal Next Day – First egg clutch After egg clutch, more carbohydrate & blood meals Typical adult lives 7 – 10 days