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Stellar Atmospheres II
Stellar Opacity..cont’d Radiative Transfer The Transfer Equation The Profiles of Spectral Lines
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Optical Depth
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Sources of Opacity Graduate level treatment
Continuum Opacity and the H- ion (wavelength < 1640 nm) Bound-Bound Transitions Bound-Free Absorption (photo-ionization) Free-Free Absorption Electron-Electron Scattering Graduate level treatment
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Bound-Bound Transitions
Photons captured by atoms Hydrogen atom transitions Cross section for photon absorption
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Bound-Free Transitions
Photon Ionizes atoms
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Free-Free Transitions
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Electron scattering Thomson Scattering Cross-section
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Balmer Jump
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Continuum Opacity and the H- ion
Hydrogen atoms can “catch” an additional electron Binding energy is eV Photons with wavelength of 1640nm or less can ionize this Hydrogen ion An additional source of opacity for stars cooler than type F0 Total Opacity is sum of all contributions:
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Rosseland Mean Opacity
An attempt at estimating the average opacity over all wavelengths Weight by the rate at which Intensity distribution (blackbody radiation) varies with temperature. Determine dependence of other parameters such as temperature
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Opacity Total Mean Opacity is mean of the sum of the opacity from the various sources Bound-bound Bound-free Free -free Electron scattering H- ion Kramers-opacity law
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How far do we look into a star?
Looking into a star at any angle, we always look back to an optical depth of about as measured straight back along the line of sight Photon’s at a distance of less than 1 mean free path from the surface are likely to escape Star’s photosphere is defined to be the layer from which visible light originates Formation of spectral lines (absorption) occur because temperature of the material in the star decreases outwards from the center of the star
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Limb Darkening When looking at the center of the sun one can see “deeper” than when looking at the edge of the sun Deeper is hotter Hotter is brighter… LIMB DARKENING
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What’s this stuff about…?
Understand: Stellar atmosphere. P(r),T(r),rho(r) Radiation Field I(r) Opacity,Optical Depth Limb Darkening Spectrum from Star Elemental Abundances
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Radiative Transfer Random Walk
Energy Transfer in the form of Electromagnetic radiation In an equilibrium steady-state star there can be no change in the total energy contained within any layer of the stellar interior or atmosphere Implies absorption must be balanced by emission Inverse emission processes Emission processes re-direct photons from initial path Random Walk Tortuous path: 100 steps --> d=10 l 10000 steps --> d=100 l steps --> d=1000 l Optical Depth is roughly the number of photon mean free paths from that point to the surface.
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Radiation Pressure Gradient
Mean free path of photons in the interior of the star is typically a few cm. Center of star is few hundreds of millions of meters from its surface How do the photons ever get out? Temperature of star decreases outward from center. This causes the radiation pressure to decrease outwards as well Pressure Gradient Photon “Breeze” from star Pressure Gradient produces a slight net movement of photons upward that carries the radiative flux This causes a slow upward diffusion of randomly walking photons
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The Transfer Equation Describes the passage of light through a Star’s Atmosphere The Emission Coefficient j Describes the rate of emission processes Source of radiation S=j/ Ratio of rates of emission to absorption Equation of Radiative Transport
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The Transfer Equation Case of Blackbody Radiation
Particle and Photons in equilibrium individually and with each other Every process of absorption is balanced by an inverse process of emission Intensity of Radiation described by the Planck Function I = B Intensity constant throughout box Thermodynamic Equilibrium Source Function is equal to the Planck function
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Plane-Parallel Atmosphere
Far from center of star the radius of curvature is large…consider plane-parallel (flat) slabs… Work in units of optical depth instead of distance… Z-axis is vertical z=0 is at top of slab Vertical Optical Depth Optical depth for inclined ray Results in…Transfer Equation
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Plane Parallel Atmosphere
Further simplify by using mean opacity--->”Gray Atmosphere”. No more dependence on wavelength. Replace Iand S. We obtain… Integrating over solid angles…S doesn’t depend on angles And using 9.8 and 4pi. We obtain Multiplying 9.40 by cosand integrating The term on the left is the radiation pressure multiplied by c. The first term on the right is the radiative flux the second integral is zero.Thus… Which is just the radiation pressure gradient Can be interpreted as the net radiative flux is driven by differences in radiation pressure. This equation will be used in chapter 10 to determine the tempearture structure in the interior of a star.
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Plane Parallel Atmosphere
In an equilibrium stellar atmosphere, every process of absorption is balanced by an inverse process of emission, no net energy is subtracted from or added to the radiation field. This means that in a plane-parallel atmosphere, the radiative flux must have the same value at every level in the atmosphere, including its surface…. Because the flux is a constant Can integrate 9.42 To obtain the radiation pressure as a function of optical depth
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Eddington Approximation
Approximate I with Iout and Iin Evaluate Temperature as a function of optical depth
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Limb Darkening Revisited
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Eddington Approximation of Solar Limb Darkening
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Profiles of Spectral Lines
Spectral Line conveys information about the environment in which it was formed Line width Line Shape Broadening Profile Optically Thin Spectral Line. Thus termed because there is now wavelength at which the Radiant flux has been completely blocked.
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Sources of Broadening Natural Broadening From Uncertainty Principle
~2-4 x 10-5 nm Doppler Broadening From thermal motion of atoms ~4.27 x 10-2 nm at 5772K Pressure and Collisional Broadening From atomic orbitals being perturbed from collisions
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Natural Broadening More Involved calculation…
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Doppler Broadening More in depth analysis… Turbulent blobs…
Tails in M-B dist
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Pressure Broadening
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The Voigt Profile Combination of all broadening effects
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Tool to determine the abundances of elements in stellar atmospheres.
Curve of Growth Tool to determine the abundances of elements in stellar atmospheres. Width of spectral line depends on the number of absorbing atoms Can determine Abundances of elements!!!! Consider an element not present in stellar atmosphere --> No line Add some atoms of that element ---> optically thin line Double concentration -->width doubles Add more -->saturation Add even more --> wings of line grows Add even more ---> pressure broadening…
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Tool to determine the abundances of elements in stellar atmospheres.
Curve of Growth Tool to determine the abundances of elements in stellar atmospheres. Width of spectral line depends on the number of absorbing atoms Can determine Abundances of elements!!!!
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Curve of Growth for the Sun
Let’s determine the amount of sodium in the Sun!!! Observe width of spectral line Read off Na from curve of growth
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Computer Modeling of Stellar Atmospheres
Each atmospheric layer is involved in the formation of line profiles and contributes to the spectrum observed for the star. Many “ingredients”… Opacity Radiation Pressure Transfer equations + Hydrostatic Equilibrium Statistical and Quantum Mechanics Transport of energy by radiation and convection…. Calculate: how temperature, pressure and density vary with depth. Line profiles Effective Temperature Surface Gravity,….
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Worked Problems
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Worked Problems
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Worked Problems
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Worked Problems
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Worked Problems
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Worked Problems
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