1. Strengths of Infrared Over Microwave Radio Spectrum for infrared virtually unlimited Possibility of high data rates Infrared spectrum unregulated Equipment inexpensive and simple Reflected by light-colored objects Ceiling reflection to get entire room coverage Doesn’t penetrate walls More easily secured against eavesdropping Less interference between different rooms

2. Drawbacks of Infrared Medium Indoor environments experience infrared background radiation from sunlight and indoor lighting this radiation appears as noise to infrared receiver to counter which Transmitters of higher power required And the range is limited Higher power is limited by concerns of eye safety and excessive power consumption

3. Three transmission Techniques for IR Data Transmission 1. Directed Beam Infrared The range depends on the emitted power and degree of focusing. The range can be in kms (for outdoor installation with LOS) The figure in next slide shows a token ring LAN. Work stations are connected to a hub which is connected to a transceiver. 2. Omni directional Have a single base station that is within LOS of all other stations. Usually the BS is mounted on the ceiling. The BS transmits omni directional signals while other stations transmit directional beam aimed at the ceiling base unit. 3. Diffused Here all IR transceivers are focused and aimed at a point on a diffusely reflecting ceiling. The signals strike the ceiling and are reradiated or reflected omni directionally and picked up by all of the receivers in the area.

4. Token ring LAN using point-to-point infrared links

5. Directed Beam Infrared Used to create point-to-point links Range depends on emitted power and degree of focusing Focused IR data link can have range of kilometers Cross-building interconnect between bridges or routers

6. The ceiling transceivers transmits omni directionally while other stations beam their signal directly at the ceiling unit

7. Omni directional Single base station within line of sight of all other stations on LAN Station typically mounted on ceiling Base station acts as a multiport repeater Ceiling transmitter broadcasts signal received by IR transceivers IR transceivers transmit with directional beam aimed at ceiling base unit

8. Here all transceivers are aimed at the ceiling which reflects the signals back down to cover the entire area.

9. Diffused All IR transmitters focused and aimed at a point on diffusely reflecting ceiling IR radiation strikes ceiling Reradiated omni directionally Picked up by all receivers

10. The above picture has a number of ceiling mounted BSs, one in each room. Each BS provides connectivity for a number of stationary and mobile stations. Using ceiling wiring, the BSs are connected back to a server that connects this network to WAN or a wired LAN.