1. Volcanoes! Everything about volcanoes!

2. Where? Volcanoes usually are near the Ring of Fire. Volcanoes are on the North-West of America, Along the coastline of Mexico and South America Bordering the Pacific Ocean. There is a long chain going off of the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. Volcanoes on the Ring of Fire.

3. Volcanic Eruption Data The number of volcanoes has been going down since the beginning of the Earth. This is a chart of volcano activity rates 1875-1993 This is a chart of how many Volcanoes erupted 1994-2011

4. Earth’s structure The lava that spews out of the crater comes from the mantle. The cone is made of hardened lava that is from the mantle. The magma chamber is from magma in the mantle rising through cracks in the rock until they stop then the magma will become a magma chamber.

5. Typical Occurrence When pressure builds up in the magma chamber that pushes magma through the volcano's vents. If the volcano doesn't have water near it it will just run out, no explosion at all. If the lava comes in contact with water it will create an explosion. If the lava gets caught in the pipe then the pressure will build up and there will be an explosion.

6. Drastic Measures The most drastic eruption and effects of a volcano is called a supervolcano. These are formed when magma gets to the Earth's surface and stays there until the pressure becomes to great, then the lava explodes out of the crust along with lots of ash, dust, pumice, and gases. This dust will stay in the atmosphere for 6-12 years depending on how much, blocking out the sun.

7. Measurement The measurement volcanologists use to measure volcanoes is the Volcanic Explosivity Index or VEI. VEI Descriptio n Plume Height Volume Classificat ion How often Example 0 non- explosive < 100 m1000s m3HawaiiandailyKilauea 1gentle 100-1000 m 10,000s m3 Haw/Stro mbolianStro mbolian dailyStromboli 2explosive1-5 km 1,000,000 s m3 Strom/Vul canianVul canian weekly Galeras, 1992 3severe3-15 km 10,000,00 0s m3 VulcanianyearlyRuiz, 1985 4 cataclysmi c 10-25 km 100,000,0 00s m3 Vulc/Plini anPlini an 10's of years Galunggu ng, 1982 5 paroxysm al >25 km1 km3Plinian 100's of years St. Helens, 1980 6colossal>25 km10s km3 Plin/Ultra- Plinian 100's of years Krakatau, 1883 7 super- colossal >25 km100s km3 Ultra- Plinian 1000's of years Tambora, 1815 8 mega- colossal >25 km 1,000s km3 Ultra- Plinian 10,000's of years Yellowsto ne, 2 Ma

8. Key terms Magma: molten rock that is lava when it is at the surface. Magma chamber: a chamber of magma under the ground. Pipe: a pipe that connects a magma chamber to a vent. Pumice: Volcanic rock, it has air bubbles and can float on water. Pyroclastic flow: it consists of ash, pumice, rock fragments, and gases created by explosive eruptions. Volcano: a crack where lava, ash, and gases spew out. Ash: small fragments of rock or lava that fly into the air during a volcanic eruption. Basalt: a rock formed from dried lava. Caldera: What is left after the volcanoes summit collapses

9. After Effects Volcanoes will send ash and other particles into the air that water vapor will condensate and will cause more rain. Volcano’s sulfur infuse with water vapor and create sulfuric acid particles that create a haze in the Earth’s atmosphere that lowers the Earth’s temperature for a few years. This will also possibly create acid rain that kills animals in water, kills plants, and lowers human health. Volcano’s lava will form stone on the surface of the Earth.

10. Facts Dust and ash rub together to create static electricity and that creates lightning in the ash when a volcano erupts. Diamonds are found in the pipes that connect the magma chamber to the volcanic vents.

11. Rowland, Scott. ‘’Volcano.’’ World Book. Vol.20. Chicago: World Book, 2007 "Volcano." U*X*L Encyclopedia of Weather and Natural Disasters. Vol. 4: Optical Effects to Wildfire. Detroit: UXL, 2008. 587-615. Gale Science In Context. Web. "Magma chamber." World of Earth Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2007. Gale Science In Context. Web. Image/information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ring_of_Firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire Image: http://oem.bmj.com/content/63/2/149.extracthttp://oem.bmj.com/content/63/2/149.extract Information: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/servlet/ShowDatasets?dataset=102557&search_look =50&display_look=50 http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/servlet/ShowDatasets?dataset=102557&search_look =50&display_look=50 Image: http://www.handpen.com/Bio/sun_freaks.htmlhttp://www.handpen.com/Bio/sun_freaks.html Information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyoo_Mogi#Mogi_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyoo_Mogi#Mogi_model Information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovolcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovolcano Information: http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/how-big-are-eruptionshttp://volcano.oregonstate.edu/how-big-are-eruptions Information: http://library.thinkquest.org/17457/volcanoes/erupt.phphttp://library.thinkquest.org/17457/volcanoes/erupt.php Information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervolcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervolcano