1. Getting to California Highlight in your Reading Quiz Notes Fidel Castro Bay of Pigs blockade Missiles in Turkey Conclusion of the Cuban Missile Crisis Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Ch 23-2: JFK and the Cold War

2. Intro 3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Chapter Objectives Section 2: JFK and the Cold War Describe the events leading up to the Cuban Missile Crisis. Explain how World War III was avoided through negotiations between Nikita Khrushchev and John Kennedy

3. Section 2-10 Crises of the Cold War Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Cuba and its leader, Fidel Castro, began forming an alliance with the Soviet Union and its leader, Nikita Khrushchev. During Eisenhower’s presidency, the CIA had secretly trained and armed Cuban exiles known as La Brigada. Kennedy’s advisers approved a plan to invade Cuba using La Brigada. (pages 726–728)

4. Section 2-10 Crises of the Cold War Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. On April 17, 1961, 1,400 armed Cuban exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs on the south coast of Cuba. (pages 726–728)

5. Section 2-11 Disaster struck as Kennedy cancelled air support for the exiles in order to keep United States involvement a secret. Most of the La Brigada were either killed or captured by Castro’s army. Crises of the Cold War (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 726–728)

6. Section 2-12 After the fiasco at the Bay of Pigs invasion and looking weak at the Summit meeting with Khrushchev, President Kennedy needed a “victory” in Cuba. Thirteen Days in October 1962 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 726–728) Kennedy had given the CIA directions to “get rid of Castro” in Cuba because as long as Fidel Castro was in Cuba, so was communism.

7. Section 2-12 During the summer of 1962, the Soviet Union had begun to send short range nuclear missiles to Cuba for their “defense purposes” disguised in cargo ships. These were very similar to U.S. “Jupiter Missiles” that Eisenhower had sent to Turkey during the 1950s. Thirteen Days in October 1962 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 726–728)

8. Section 2-12 October 14 th, 1962 – U2 spy plane is sent over Cuba after the CIA has heard rumors of Soviet activity in Cuba. Thirteen Days in October 1962 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 726–728)

9. Section 2-12 The photographs show these to be nuclear missile sites Thirteen Days in October 1962 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 726–728)

10. Section 2-12 Thirteen Days in October 1962 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 726–728)

11. Section 2-12 October 16 th, 1962 – John Kennedy is briefed about the missiles and he calls on his closest advisors. Thirteen Days in October 1962 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 726–728) The Russians are now close enough to hit almost all of the United States with nuclear weapons. Options discussed Air strike Land invasion Diplomacy (UN) blockade

12. Section 2-12 Kennedy is fearful that Cuba will be used as a bargaining chip for Berlin. Kennedy has ordered the missiles in Turkey to be removed six months earlier, but could not remove them now under threat because he would look weak. Thirteen Days in October 1962 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 726–728)

13. Section 2-12 Military tells Kennedy a full scale attack of Cuba could be launched by October 25 th. Kennedy tells his advisors to “come up with a consensus” that will solve the problem. Thirteen Days in October 1962 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 726–728)

14. Section 2-12 October 18 th, 1962 – John Kennedy keeps a meeting with Soviet Foreign Minister Andre Gromyko. Thirteen Days in October 1962 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 726–728) Gromyko was ordered by Moscow to deny any weapons in Cuba. Kennedy doesn’t let Gromyko know that he knows about the weapons already there.

15. Section 2-12 October 21 st, 1962 – Kennedy returns to Washington from campaign trips and the consensus is a naval blockade of Cuba. Thirteen Days in October 1962 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 726–728) The U.S. will search all Soviet ships headed to Cuba. Gives Khrushchev the option of negotiation.

16. Section 2-12 October 22 nd, 1962 – Kennedy addresses the nation. Tells the American people of the missiles in Cuba. Thirteen Days in October 1962 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 726–728) Informs Americans (and the world) of the blockade. States that an attack on the U.S. from Cuba will be regarded as an attack from the Soviet Union and the U.S. will respond with all of its forces.

17. Section 2-12 October 23 rd, 1962 – The Soviet Union replies that the blockade is “an act of war” and promise to run through it. Thirteen Days in October 1962 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 726–728) Cuba prepares 250,000 soldiers for a full scale land invasion. Robert Kennedy is sent to talk to Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin JFK agrees to contract blockade line to 500 miles.

18. Section 2-12 October 24 th, 1962 – The Soviet ships reach the blockade line Thirteen Days in October 1962 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 726–728) American citizens rush to the stores to prepare for a nuclear war. Soviet ships stop prior to reaching the blockade line. Khrushchev sends a letter to Kennedy that the missiles will stay in Cuba. US defense goes to DEFCON 2.

19. Section 2-12 October 25 th, 1962 – US Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson shows the world the proof of the missiles. Thirteen Days in October 1962 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 726–728) Do not gain much sympathy from the European nations due to the fact that they live under this every day. Kennedy increases U.S. forces in Florida for a land invasion.

20. Section 2-12 October 26 th, 1962 – Khrushchev sends a personal letter to Kennedy that agrees to remove the missiles if the United States promises never to invade Cuba. Thirteen Days in October 1962 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 726–728) “Let us not pull on the ends of the ropes that tie the knot of war” Before Kennedy can agree to the terms a second letter is sent that includes the demand that the missiles in Turkey be removed as well.

21. Section 2-12 October 26 th, 1962 (cont.) – An American U2 plane is shot down over Cuba and the pilot is killed. Thirteen Days in October 1962 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 726–728) Kennedy orders that the military does not react to this. Another American U2 plane is discovered flying over Soviet airspace, but Khrushchev orders that it is not to be shot down, but escorted away from the Soviet Union.

22. Section 2-12 October 27 th, 1962 – Robert Kennedy comes up with the idea of ignoring the second letter that Khrushchev sent that included the missiles in Turkey. Thirteen Days in October 1962 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 726–728) Robert Kennedy meets in secret with Dobrynin and states that the missiles in Turkey can be negotiated at a later time, but not during this crisis. John Kennedy prepares to order the invasion of Cuba the following day.

23. Section 2-12 October 28 th, 1962 – In a radio broad cast from Moscow, Nikita Khruschev announces that the missiles will be removed from Cuba because the United States has promised never to invade. Thirteen Days in October 1962 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 726–728) There is no mention of the missiles in Turkey, that are to be removed later. Fidel Castro finds out about this from the television and is very upset. The crisis is over.

24. Section 2-12 The missile crisis led to Nikita Khrushchev’s fall from power, and the new Soviet leadership was less interested in reaching agreements with the West. The result was a huge Soviet arms buildup. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 726–728) Thirteen Days in October 1962

25. FYI 1-1a During the 13 days of the Cuban Missile Crisis, no less that six nuclear test explosions were conducted between the Soviet Union and the United States.

26. Time Notebook 5 “Our problems are man-made, therefore they may be solved by man. And man can be as big as he wants. No problem of human destiny is beyond human beings. …. For in the final analysis, our most basic common link, is that we all inhabit this small planet, we all breathe the same air, we all cherish our children's futures, and we are all mortal.” President John F. Kennedy June, 1963 This feature is found on pages 730–731 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

27. FYI Contents 1 Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide. Some conspiracy theories argue that JFK’s assassination may be linked to his pursuit of having Fidel Castro assassinated.. Lee Harvey Oswald, who spent time in the Soviet Union, may have been a communist sympathizer of the Cubans and Castro. JFK killed by Cuban Communists?

28. End of Slide Show