1. 1 Motivation to Provide Help to Older Parents: Between & Within Countries IFA Global Conference on Ageing, Prague May-June, 2012 Prof. Ariela Lowenstein, Prof. Ruth Katz & Dr. Dafna Halperin Center for Research and Study of Aging The University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel ariela@research.haifa.ac.il ruth@soc.haifa.ac.il

2. 2 Motivation to Provide Help to Older Parents  The goal: to present and discuss empirical findings from 1. a cross-national study* – (focusing on Israel, Norway and Spain) and 2. a cross-cultural study – within Israel** (focusing on Jews and Arabs) *The Oasis study was supported by the EU, Fifth Framework Progamme, Contract number: QLK6-CT1999-02182 ** The study was funded by the Bi-National US-Israel Science Foundation

3. Goals of the Studies  How parents affect amount of support they will be receiving from their children? Distinguish pathways by which parents influence their children to provide support to them. Impact of parents’ needs on support provision Examine whether these paths are different for various dimensions of intergenerational solidarity 3

4. Studies’ Rationale  Prolonged periods of family elder care  Parental support a normative part of life course  Complex relationship between motivations for and commitment to parental support and actual supportive behavior 4

5. How is Culture of Care Reproduced: Intergenerational Mechanisms 1.Socialization: Parents socialize children to caring by transmitting core values of commitment to parental care 2.Social learning: parents instill in children such values by modeling or demonstrating the desired behavior 5

6. Intergenerational Mechanisms of Parental Influence 3.Affectual Ties (Solidarity): Emotional bonding with parents strengthens commitment of adult children to provide support 4.Life Course Reciprocity and Exchange: (a)Elder care as a repayment for past in-vivo transfers (b)Elder care as prepayment for a bequest anticipated 6

7. 7 Filial Norms and Family Support  In almost all societies older adults expect to rely on adult children as critical sources of support and care, should they become frail  Evidence, however, on the relationship between normative expectations by older people and actual support they receive appears to be equivocal

8. 8 Motivation and Family Support Hypotheses:  (1) Emotional bonds, filial norms, and geographic proximity impact amount of help adult children provide to older parents  (2) Parental needs of care will affect amount of help adult children provide  (3) These effects will be more pronounced in countries where familistic tradition is strong (Israel & Spain) compared with a more individualistic country (Norway)  (4) These effects will be stronger within the Arab community

9. 9 Rationale for Countries Selection  The three countries cover a diverse range of welfare regimes (conservative, social democratic) and familial cultures (family-oriented and individualistic)  Israel presents particular challenges having diverse family cultures and a wide range of elders’ social services. These are differentially expressed within the Jewish and Arab groups

10. 10 Characteristics of the countries as welfare state regimes Norway Spain Israel Arabs Welfare state Social- Conservative/ Regime democratic southern Mixed Legal family obligation? No Yes Yes Social care service level High Low High Fertility 1,7 1,1 2,75.2 Sources: Welfare state regime (Esping-Andersen 1990, 1999), legal obligations (Millar & Warman 1996), social care levels (various sources), fertility (UN 2002).

11. 11 The Sample – EU and BSF EU  Size: About 1200 persons in each country, oversampling the 75+ - about 1/3  Research population: Inhabitants of ‘ urban areas ’  Sampling method: Random BSF Size: Close to 200 Arab elders and 200 Jewish elders Research population: Inhabitants of urban and rural areas Sampling method: Random

12. 12 Measures  Intergenerational Solidarity – Items for the solidarity dimensions were selected by Bengtson & Silverstein from their Longitudinal Study of Generations (LSOG)  Structural solidarity: geographic proximity  Affectual solidarity: emotional bonds  Functional solidarity: bi-directional exchange of assistance provided by parents to children and received  Normative solidarity or filial norms, agreements to 4 statements familism scale, based on Lee, Peek and Coward (1998)  Parental needs for care: ADL functioning and asking whether the elders needed care on a regular basis

13. 13 Motivation - Findings Intergenerational Solidarity  Inter-correlations between the various dimensions revealed low correlations (.26 to.34) which points to the model's multidimensionality  To facilitate a clear comparison between the 3 countries and within Israel, dimensions were transformed into dichotomous indicators, as used by Silverstein & Bengtson (1994)  Differences on all dimensions between all samples, by chi- square tests, were significant at.001.

14. 14 Motivation - Findings  A high percentage in all countries reported high levels of affection - the highest in Israel (on a scale from 1-5 (M = 4.7); relatively low in Norway (M = 4.3); living quite close to their children (again, low in Norway).  Both older Jews and Arabs were high on affection.  Normative solidarity was the highest in Spain, then Israel and the lowest in Norway. Within Israel Arabs were significantly higher  Functional assistance received by parents from children was higher than provided.

15. 15 Motivation - Findings  Largest amount of support provided was emotional, then financial assistance and child care. Instrumental support was relatively low  Adult children are the net providers in the relation- ship; giving more than receiving. This is strengthened by parents’ view, who receive more than they give

16. 16 Motivation - Findings  Older parents are, however, not only in the receiving end. Their support is mainly emotional support, and in some countries (Norway, Israel) also money  Instrumental help is flowing upwards, financial support downwards, when pension levels and living conditions allow it

17. Motivation Findings – Israeli Society  Data indicate similarities and differences in support received by the two groups. Older Arabs and Jews received similar support in house repair, personal care and emotional  In two areas significant differences were found: the Arab population received more help with household chores and more financial assistance. Jewish elders, however, received more assistance with transportation 17

18. 18 Motivation - Findings  Data also indicate that parental needs, like declining health and physical functioning, attract help in all countries, and parents ’ age (older) and gender (women) enhances this

19. 19 Conclusions  Solidarity was strong for the majority in all three countries  Respondents acknowledge some degree of filial obligations, but more so in Spain and Israel than in Norway

20. Affinity for Parent (Solidarity)  Strong affectual ties predicted: Higher levels of both instrumental and emotional support Higher rates of co-residence were leading to increased social support 20

21. Conclusions  Country context shapes motivation: emotional solidarity predicts help in the more familistic countries (Israel and Spain)  Parental needs for care predict help in countries with a high service level for elders (Norway and Israel)  Cultural context shapes motivation: filial norms predict help in the Arab society more than for the Jewish population 21

22. Conclusions  Caregiving runs in families Parents can teach their children to provide care by modeling the desired behavior to them. Socialization of norms does not guarantee support: Do as I do not as I say.  Interpersonal relationships matter  The principle of reciprocity operates in families over time 22

23.  Thanks for your attention 23