1. Evidence for Evolution Story: Where did we come from? You may be tested on all the material in this powerpoint

2. Kansas State Board of Education 1999 this school board adopted new statewide standards Missing was the Theory of Evolution In 2000 there was a backlash Some lost their jobs Theory of Evolution was added once again to the curriculum

3. Kansas State Board of Education - part 2 In 2004 many ousted members were reelected They adopted a different approach They mandated the teaching of ‘alternatives to evolution’ Other lawmakers in other regions of the US have also interjected their views into the teaching of evolution

4. Why the upheavals The root issue is the discussion of human existence and origins Who are we? Where did we come from? Many religions include a key part about how humans were designed by an intelligent supernatural being In contrast, evolutionary theory argues we descended from ancient apes The courts have consistently upheld the constitution and outlawed the teaching of religious beliefs at school

5. Implications The Kansas State School Board argued that the Theory of Evolution represents a religious view too! One that rejects the actions of a higher power The same board voted to allow the teaching of evolution provided the teachers discussed ‘gaps’ in the theory and offered alternative explanations for these gaps Is this acceptable - both are a matter of faith Or is this a dangerous trend in US education?

6. What is evolution? Has two different meaning for biologists –1) A process Evolution means change - Biological evolution means change in the characters of a population over generations. These changes MUST occur at the genetic level –Inherited characters (i.e. head lice example) = evolution –Change in US women's dress size from 8 to 14 over the past 50 years = no evolution –Most people accept that this process occurs Aristotle was incorrect - he said species had never changed

8. What is evolution? Has two different meaning for biologists –2) A theory - The Theory of Evolution It is unfortunate that the word theory has a completely opposite meaning to the nonscientist verses that formulated by scientists. It gives the notion of a ‘best guess’ –DEFINITION - All species present on Earth today are descendants of a single common ancestor, and all species represent the product of millions of years of microevolution via natural selection and other modes of evolutionary change.

9. Common Descent Nearly every biologist accepts that modern species evolved from ancient ones HOWEVER, recent polls of Americans show that 50% of them do not believe that modern species evolved from common ancestors!

10. Common Descent is a fact! When Darwin published his book, most Europeans believed that special creation was fact - that God created all species during the 6 days of genesis –As stated in the first book of the Bible - Genesis –It states that little has changes since that time - under 10,000 years ago –The same basic belief is shared by Judaism & Islam

11. Compare Special Creation vs Common Descent Special creation involves a supernatural entity - this makes it impossible to test by standard observation involving the material universe The scientific method cannot be applied to a supernatural entity One can test some assertions of special creation –10,000 years –No change in species ever - the static model hypothesis

12. More than two hypothesis Other hypothesis - somewhere between the two we have been considering exist also - Transformation hypothesis –Species can change over time Separate hypothesis –Separate common ancestors which can give rise to different species

17. All acceptable More polls indicated that American citizens have about equal belief in all 4 of these hypothesis as equally reasonable explanations for the origin of biological diversity

18. Kansas Board and the citizen Most non-scientists believe that the board was right in 1999 –It was right to outlaw the teaching of evolution, to balance between the different theories Most non-scientists believe that the board was right again in 2005 –Trying to be fair in allowing the consideration of all other hypothesis

19. All is not equal Most scientists do not consider that the different hypothesis are equal They base this view on all the current testable evidence …lets consider this evidence with respect to a very important debate… Are humans really related to apes?

20. Morphology Carl von Linne - (Carolus Linnaeus) - Swedish doctor Classified all known life forms into biological diversity based on form He proposed a two part name He also formulated a classification system Linnaeus was himself a believer in the Creation hypothesis

23. Evidence from homology Similar observable features should similar anatomical and genetic material This is what is being discovered… Comparative Anatomy –The concept of homology –Similarity of characteristics that has resulted from common ancestry

25. Anatomy Most plausible explanation is –Each species inherited the basic structure from the same common ancestor –The process that cause evolution led to their unique modification in each group