1. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece NEMO-SN1 observatory developments in view of the European Research Infrastructures EMSO and KM3NET Paolo Favali (1), Laura Beranzoli (1), Francesco Italiano (2), Emilio Migneco (3), Mario Musumeci (3), Riccardo Papaleo (3) on behalf of NEMO Collaboration ( (1) Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) - Roma 2 Dept. (2) Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) - Palermo Dept. (3) Laboratori Nazionali del Sud - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) INGV

2. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece Optical sensors Electronic vessels MoU (2001): Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) & Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) INGV Favali et al, 2006a; Migneco et al., 2006 NEMO-SN1 The 1 st cabled prototype node for EMSO and test site for KM3NET ESFRI KM3NET and EMSO Synergy between the 2 ESFRI infrastructure KM3NET and EMSO East Sicily (Western Ionian Sea)

3. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece Why seafloor observatory node in East Sicily ? One of the most seismogenic areas of Mediterranean Some of the major eartquakes generated strong tsunamis 1169 - 1693 1908

4. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece Sgroi et al., 2007 Malta Escarpment Southern Calabria 213 events Deep Ionian Basin (subduction) Continent-ocean boundary Mt. Etna bilateral eruption (2002-2003) SN1 1 st stand-alone SN1 1 st stand-alone experiment 2002-2003 experiment 2002-2003 East Sicily seismicity not-recorded inland

5. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece ab Z N E T Z N E T 200 s Off-shore Peloponnesus (Greece, Feb. 14, 2008): a) M W =6.9; b) M W =6.2 NEMO-SN1 real-time cabled observatory M w =8.6 off-shore Sumatra (March 28, 2005) Z N E

6. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece ETNA Activity

7. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece East Sicily TS infrastructure LNS Test Site Laboratory at Catania harbour LNS-INFN Catania Radio Link (32 Mbps) NEMO JB Test Site South (TSS) 5 km Installation at > 2000 m depth 20 km INGV Test Site North (TSN) 5 km

8. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece East Sicily TS North SN1 (2005-2008) Sensors 3-C broad-band seismometer; Hydrophone (geophysics); Gravity meter; Scalar magnetometer; 3-C single point current meter; CTD SN1 (2005-2008) Sensors 3-C broad-band seismometer; Hydrophone (geophysics); Gravity meter; Scalar magnetometer; 3-C single point current meter; CTD 2005TSN Frame and SN1 deployments 2008SN1 recovery for refurbishment 2010SN1 re-deployment (ESONET LIDO-DM) SN1 connection SN1 recovery Frame deployment

9. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece East Sicily TS South 2005TSS Frame and O DE installation 2006Junction Box (JB) and NEMO Phase 1 deployment 2007Junction Box recovery for maintenance 2008JB re-deployment. O DE recovery for refurbishment 2010 LIDO installation (ESONET LIDO-DM) 2005TSS Frame and O DE installation 2006Junction Box (JB) and NEMO Phase 1 deployment 2007Junction Box recovery for maintenance 2008JB re-deployment. O DE recovery for refurbishment 2010 LIDO installation (ESONET LIDO-DM) ExperimentsSensors O DE 4 hydrophones NEMO Phase 116 optical modules, CTD, ADCP ExperimentsSensors O DE 4 hydrophones NEMO Phase 116 optical modules, CTD, ADCP Frame with O DE Junction Box NEMO Phase-1 tower

10. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece 5-7 Oct. 2009All Regions Workshop #2 East Sicily TS new payload SensorrateModel 3-C broad-band seismometer *100 HzGuralp CMG-1T (0.0027-50 Hz) Differential Pressure Gauge (DPG)10 HzPrototype Univ. California-St. Diego Hydrophone (Geophysics)200 HzOAS E-2PD Hydrophone (Geophysics)2000 HzSMID (0.05-1000 Hz) 4+4 Hydrophones (Bio-acoustics)96 /192 kHz **SMID (100-70000 Hz) Absolute Pressure Gauge (APG) *15 sParoscientific 8CB4000-I 3-C Accelerometer + 3-C Gyro (IMU) *100 HzGladiator Technologies Landmark 10 Gravity meter1 HzPrototype IFSI-INAF Scalar magnetometer1 HzPrototype INGV Vectorial magnetometer1 HzMarine Magnetics Sentinel (3000 m) ADCP1 profile/hRDI Workhorse Monitor (600 kHz) CTD + Turbidity meter1 s/hSeaBird SBE-37SM-24835 + Wet Lab 3-C single point current meter2 HzNobska MAVS-3 * tsunami early warning system ** 96 kHz at TSN, 192 kHz at TSS

11. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece LNS Test Site Laboratory at Catania harbour: shore data acquisition system; local storage unit LNS-INFN Catania: main storage unit; servers; 1 Gbps connection to internet Radio Link (30 Mbps) NEMO JB Test Site South Test Site North 5 km Installation at > 2000 m depth 20 km LIDO TS North New ! CREEP of UCL LIDO TS South East Sicily TS infrastructure (new configuration)

12. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece East-Sicily: CREEP undersea deformation lab Study of accelerations preceeding crustal failure 10 -6 10 -9 10 -22 10 -25 CREEP

13. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece Structural Funds: POR Sicily 2000-2006 PotEnziamento di reti Geofisiche e Ambientali Sottomarine (enhancement of geophysical and environmental submarine networks) INGV

14. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece ROV Deep-Sea Shuttle Realise handling systems to service NEMO-SN1 to become NEMO-SN1 an “open lab” to host other marine experiments Main objectives Abyssal station

15. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece systems PEGASO handling systems ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) with manipulators and 200-m tether for horizontal movements (operative depth 4000 m) DSS (Deep-Sea Shuttle) vehicle for safe deployment/ recovery of ROV garage and heavy platforms (up to 30 kN, operative depth 4000 m)

16. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece Deep-Sea Shuttle

17. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece ROV SeaEye Cougar [3500-m dive test at the end of 2009]

18. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece Optical sensors Electronic vessels MoU (2001): Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) & Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) INGV Favali et al, 2006a; Migneco et al., 2006 NEMO-SN1 The 1 st cabled prototype node for EMSO and test site for KM3NET ESFRI KM3NET and EMSO Synergy between the 2 ESFRI infrastructure KM3NET and EMSO East Sicily (Western Ionian Sea)

19. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece INGV INGV - Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (Italy) ITU ITU - Istanbul Teknik Universitesi (Turkey) IFREMER IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l’exploitation de la MER (France) UiT UiT - University of Tromsø (Norway) NOCS NOCS - National Oceanography Centre Southampton (United Kingdom) HCMR HCMR - Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (Greece) KDM KDM - Konsortium Deutsche Meeresforschung e.V. (Germany) IMI IMI - Irish Marine Institute (Ireland) NIOZ NIOZ - Stichting Koninklijk Nederlands Instituut voor Zeeonderzoek (The Netherlands) UGOT UGOT - Goteborgs Universitet (Sweden) UTM-CSIC - Unidad de Tecnologia Marina - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (Spain) FFCUL FFCUL - Fundação da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa (Portugal)

20. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece EMSO, a Research Infrastructure of the ESFRI Roadmap (European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures), is the European network of seafloor observatories (cabled & acoustically linked), constituting a distributed infrastructure for long-term (mainly) real-time monitoring of environmental processes related to ecosystems, global changes and geo-hazards to study also the interactions between geo-, bio- and hydro-sphere In the EC-FP7 EMSO Preparatory Phase (12 countries) started in April 2008 for 4 years, with the aim to design and create the legal entity in charge of the infrastructure N GB IR S D F I P E NL GR TU

21. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece What do Seafloor Observatories need for? To study the Earth as an integrated system: geo- bio- hydro-sphere To provide long time series for the study of multiple, interrelated processes to highlight temporal scale and variability of the phenomena “Illuminating the Hidden Planet. The future of Seafloor Observatory Science”, NRC - National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington D.C., 2000

22. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece Role of the Ocean in Climate Role of the Ocean in Climate Turbulent mixing and Biophysical interactions Turbulent mixing and Biophysical interactions Ecosystem dynamics and Biodiversity Ecosystem dynamics and Biodiversity Fluids and Life in the Ocean Crust Fluids and Life in the Ocean Crust Dynamics of lithosphere and Imaging Earth’s interior Dynamics of lithosphere and Imaging Earth’s interior Scientific Themes http://www.oceanleadership.org/ocean_observing

23. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece EQ faults magma chambers Mantle convection geodetic spreading hydrothermalism Time & Space scales of major ocean and earth processes Redrawn from figure courtesy of Dudley Chelton, Oregon State University (see also Dichey & Chang, 2001)

24. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece Interdisciplinary research priorities Interdisciplinary research priorities Physical oceanography water mass characterisation, water column processes, thermodynamics, ice cover, climatology, and impacts on climate change Biogeochemistry global carbon cycle and elemental cycling within the ocean through both physical and biological processes, and ocean acidification Marine ecology distribution and abundance of sea life, ocean productivity, biodiversity, ecosystem function, living resources, and climate feedbacks Geosciences transfer from Earth’s interior to the crust, hydrosphere and biosphere, fluid flow and gas seepage through sediments and gas hydrate, non-living resources, sediment transfer to deep-sea and climate change Geo-hazards earthquake and tsunami hazard, volcanic hazard, slope instability and failure

25. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece What are seafloor observatory? What are seafloor observatory? Unmanned, multi-sensor platforms at a fixed site with long-term (years) operative life, potentiality to make measurements from above the air-sea interface to below the seafloor, and with different configurations related to the communications and power: 1) Stand-alone: power with battery packs and limited capacity of data transmission (e.g., data capsules or acoustic link from the surface) 2) Acoustically linked: communication by acoustics to an infrastructure (e.g., moored buoy, another observatory) 4) Cabled: power supply and real-time data transmission (e.g., retired, dedicated or shared cables devoted to other scientific activities) 3) Buoy connected: physically moored to a surface buoy

26. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece Configurations of observatory cabled buoy connected

27. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece GEOSTAR GEO GEOSTAR GEophysical and Oceanographic STAR STation for Abyssal Research GEOSTAR buoy GEOSTAR MODUS Beranzoli et al., 1998; Beranzoli, Favali & Smriglio (eds.), Dev. Mar. Tech., 12, Elsevier, 2002; Favali et al, 2006b; Favali & Beranzoli, 2006; 2009b Acoustically linked observatory

28. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● EMSO NEPTUNE (Canada) DONET (Japan) MACHO (Taiwan) ● ● MARS (USA) VENUS (Canada) OOI (USA) ● Long-Term, Real-Time Cabled Observatories

29. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece Impact Public Policy – Environmental – Resources – Public health and safety – Security Economic Development – Growth of marine technology industry – Innovative technologies – Tourism Education and Public Engagement

30. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece Benefits for the Society Natural hazard mitigation (earthquakes, tsunamis) Understanding climate changes Marine environment preservation and sustainable development Strong impact on SMEs in marine technologies Potential involvement of the oil companies and biotecnology industries Impact on education and job creation opportunities

31. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece Perspectives Short-term: The EMSO Preparatory Phase will create the legal governance to establish and manage the infrastructure In most of the EMSO sites permanent structures are under development Long-term: Multidisciplinary time series (sub-seafloor, seafloor and water column) to study Ecosystems, Global changes, Earth Sciences and Geo-hazards and for Environment protection Platform for data access and management Marine component of GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) and GEOSS (Global Earth Observation System of Systems)

32. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece Running S&T activities Status of the Sites Test sites (shallow water) Permanent infrastructures

33. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece Synergies with other ESFRI ESFRI Infrastructures SI O S

34. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece Synergies between the ESFRI ESFRI Infrastructures Sharing facilities (e.g., cables, junction boxex, handling systems, logistics) New developments in marine technology and sensors Approach to newly scientific themes of common interest Impact on education and job creation opportunities (i.e. new expertises ) EMSO as reference project for the “Associated Sciences” &

35. 4 th International Workshop on Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescopes for the Mediterranean Sea 13-15 October 2009, Athens, Greece Thank you for your attention Paolo Favali (on behalf of the other Authors) EMSO-PP Co-ordinator emsopp@ingv.it