1. Element Groups (Families)
Alkali Earth
Alkaline Earth
Transition Metals
Rare Earth
Other Metals
Metalloids
Non-Metals
Halogens
Noble Gases

2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 H He
-268.6 Li Be B C N O F Ne
1347
2970
2550
4827
-195.8
-183
-246.1 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
552.9
1107
2467
2355
280
444.6
-34.6
-186 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
774
1484
2832
3287
3380
2672
1962
2750
2870
2732
2567
907
2403
2830
613
684.9
58.78
-153.4 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
688
1384
3337
4377
4927
4612
4877
3900
3727
2927
2212
765
2000
2270
1750
989.8
184
-108.1 Cs Ba * Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
678.4
1140
5400
5425
5660
5627
5027
4527
3827
2807
356.58
1457
1740
1560
962
337
-61.8 Fr Ra ** Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
Uun
Uuu
Uub
677
1737 ? La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
3469
3257
3127
1900
1597
3233
3041
2562
2720
2510
1727
1466
3315 Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
3200
4790
3818
3902
3235
2607

3. PHASE DIAGRAMS
STUDY OF PHASE RELATIONSHIPS IMPORTANT IN KNOWING PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
MAP OF TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE AND COMPOSITION BETWEEN PHASES IN EQUILIBRIUM IN A SYSTEM
GIBBS PHASE RULE
P + F = C + 2
Eg: states of matter- gas, liquid and solid – single phase
Liquid mixture- oil and water- 2 phases
In solid , several phases depending on crystal structure
STUDY IMPORTANT IN ALLOYS
ALLOY- SUBSTANCE COMPOSED OF 2 OR MORE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
MAIN CONSTITUENT- BASE METAL
AND OTHERS ALLOYING ELEMENTS

4. Phase Rule
FUSION LINE ALMOST VERTICAL- VARIATION IN PRESSURE –NO EFFECT ON M.P. OF ICE
FUSION
WATER
ICE
Pressure
76cm B
VAPORISATION
30 cm
WATER VAPOUR
SUBLIMATION T A
100 50
Temperature o C

5. At ‘A’ , water vapour - 1 phase
At ‘B’ , water and water vapour co exist -2 phases
At ‘T’ , ice, water and water vapour exist – 3 phases
At ‘A’
1 + F = chemical compound H2O + 2
F = 2 …. BIVARIANT
At ‘B’
2+ F = 1 +2, F = 1… UNIVARIANT
At ‘T’
All three phases P = 3, 3 + F = 1 + 2; F = 0
INVARIANT

6. Equilibrium Diagram Case 1:
Binary Alloy with COMPLETE SOLUBILITY IN BOTH LIQUID AND SOLID PHASES in all compositions
Eg: Ag-Au Cu-Ni Ge-Si Al2O3-Cr2O3 Sb-Bi
Silver-Palladium Co-Ni Cu-Pt Fe-Pt Ni-Pt Ta-Ti
HUME ROTHERY’S RULE-
FICK’S LAWS OF DIFFUSION
FIRST LAW
SECOND LAW

7. Elements A and B in a Binary Alloy
Cooling Curves & Phase Diagram
Elements A and B in a Binary Alloy

8. Phase (Equilibrium) Diagram
Liquidus curve
L + α
Solidus curve
Composition, C (% wt of B)

9. LEVER RULE
With Fulcrum at P, weights WA and WB at the end of a lever, for equilibrium, the lever rule states:
WA / WB = b/a WB WA P a b

10. Y Liquid P1 P X Liquid + Solid Solid 47.5 16 37 58
For P: SS/LS = (37-16)/(58-37)= 1/1
For P1: SS/LS = 31.5/ 10.5= 3/1

11. Y Liquid P1 P X Liquid + Solid Solid 31.5/ 10.5= 3 47.5 16 37 58
= (37-16)/(58-37)

14. The structures shown are at NON EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS

15. If fl and fs are the liquid and solid fractions,
There are Three variables, one of these can be chosen as independent
If fl and fs are the liquid and solid fractions,

16. Case 2: Binary Alloy with COMPLETE SOLUBILITY IN LIQUID STATE in all compositions, but COMPLETELY INSOLUBLE IN THE SOLID STATE
A very doubtful situation in practice, since most solid metals appear to dissolve small quantities of other metals
In Bismuth-Cadmium, mutal solid solubility is negligible.
Bi- heavy, brittle- positioned near to non metals in periodic table- Rhombic type structure-covalent bond
Cadmium- HCP-

17. Bismuth- Cadmium Equilibrium Diagram

18. Te
40Cd/60Bi
When two metals show complete solubility in liquid state, and complete insolubility in the solid state,they do so by crystallising out as alternate layers of the two pure metals. This laminated structure termed as EUTECTIC

19. INVARIANT REACTION 40Cd/60Bi
Te (EUTECTIC Temperature)
40Cd/60Bi
When two metals show complete solubility in liquid state, and complete insolubility in the solid state, they do so by crystallising out as alternate layers of the two pure metals. This laminated structure termed as EUTECTIC

20. At E, solid Cadmium (40%) and solid Bismuth(60%) co-exist EUTECTIC
A: Molten homogeneous alloy – 1 phase with 2 components, Bi and Cd
1+F = 2 +1 (only temperature is the variable, not pressure) , F=2
B: 2 + F = 2 + 1, F= 1
C: 3 + F = 2 + 1, F=0
At E, solid Cadmium (40%) and solid Bismuth(60%) co-exist EUTECTIC

21. Eutectic is considered as an intimate mixture of two metals
Phase Rule applied, P+F = C+ 1
3 + F = 2 +1, F = 0

22. Cooling curve for Eutectic (similar to pure metal)

23. For compositions to left /right of Eutectic
Temperature o C
Time
For compositions to left /right of Eutectic

24. HUME ROTHERY’S RULE

25. Gold- Silver, Copper- Nickel, Germanium- Silicon, Antimony- Bismuth,
Aluminium Oxide- Chromium Oxide etc.
are examples

26. FICK’S LAWS OF DIFFUSION
Mass Flow Process by which atoms (molecules) change their positions relative to their neighbours in a given phase under the influence of thermal energy and gradient :

27. FICK’S LAWS OF DIFFUSION

28. FIRST LAW If J = flux flow / unit area per unit time,
dn/dt = no. of moles of B atoms crossing per unit time
D= Diffusion coefficient
A= Planar area
dc/dx= concentration gradient
If J = flux flow / unit area per unit time,

29. SECOND LAW
If D is independent of concentration,

30. INVARIANT REACTIONS

31. Case 3: Two metals completely soluble in all proportions in liquid state, but partially soluble in solid state
Melting Point of Lead:3270C
Melting Point of Tin: 2320C
Eutectic Temperature: 1830C
Eutectic Composition: 62% Sn, 38%Pb
Max. solid solubility tin in lead at 1830C: 19.5% tin
Max. Solid solubility of lead in tin at 1830C: 2.6% lead
Eutectic of two solid solutions α and β (instead of two metals) form

32. Melting Point of Tin (Pb) : 2320C Melting Point of Lead (Sn) :3270C
Eutectic Temperature: 1830C
Eutectic Composition: 38%Pb, 62% Sn
Max. solid solubility tin in lead at 1830C: 19.5% tin
Max. Solid solubility of lead in tin at 1830C: 2.6% lead

33. Liquid solubility of salt in water & partial solid solubility of one metal in another- ( (similarity schematically represented)