1. 1 CAMS in the School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences Introductory fluid dynamics by Dr J. Whitty

2. 2 Lessons structure The lessons will in general be subdivided in to eight number of parts, viz.: 1)Statement of learning objectives 2)Points of orders 3)Introductory material (Types of flow) 4)Concept introduction (The conservation of mass) 5)Development of related principles (flow continuity) 6)Concrete principle examples via – reinforcement examination type exercises 7)Summary and feedback 8)Formative assessment, via homework task

3. 3 Learning Objectives –State and use the basic thermodynamic laws –Derive the conservation of mass –Describe the differences between flow regimes –Calculate simple fluid flow mechanisms –Evaluate volumetric flow rates in fluid simple systems After the session the students should be able to:

4. 4 Recap: Laws of thermodynamics These are quite simply the 4 axioms (self evident truths) of all modern Physics, they are known as the four Laws of Thermodynamics and relate to the quantities of –Zeroth: Temperature –First: EnergyEnergy –Second: Disorder (Entropy)Entropy –Third: Balance of them allBalance

5. 5 Consequences of the first law: Flow Processes If we consider the first law based on some fluid passing through a control volume above a datum (at sea-level) for consentience. Application of the first law, with the following assumption: 1.The mass flow is constant and equal to the outlet mass flow 2.The cross-section properties of the inlet and outlet are constant Conservation of Mass Mass cannot be destroyed or created

6. 6 Conservation of mass Both Heat and fluid flow must adhere to the principal of the flow of mass and energy. Here we can consider a system (sometimes referred to as a control volume) with fluid flow (or heat) in and out of the system The unit of mass flow the kg per second (kg/s). Because speed has magnitude and direction, it vector quantity. Consequence?? i.e.

7. 7 The Consequence of to Conservation of Mass 1.The mass (and sometimes volume) flow rate of a in-viscid, incompressible fluid (like water or oil) is constant. 2.This principle is one of probably the fundamental assumption in the field of Fluid Mechanics, this will now be explored! Class Examples Time: Think of some process which adhere to the above

8. 8 Fluids in motion As an example of this principle we will investigate the concept of a fluid (say water) in motion. There is still a little terminology that is required before we proceed, these being: 1.Assumptions regarding the fluid in motion, namely: a)Viscid b)In-viscid 2.Assumptions regarding the type of flow regime’ a)Laminar b)Transition c)Turbulent 3.Assumptions regarding Compressibility: 1.Compressible, or 2.In-compressible

9. 9 1. Viscosity The viscosity of a fluid is the internal resistance to a change in the shape. Typically viscous fluids are treacle like: glycerine and thick oils. All fluids have some type of viscosity, however some fluids have such small viscosities have (e.g. water, air) can be considered in-viscid i.e. the viscosity of the fluid can be ignored! It is these type of fluids we considered here. Hence we have: 1.Viscid fluids (includes fluid viscosity effects) 2.In-viscid fluids (neglects fluid viscosity effects) Since the math is considerably reduced when in- viscid fluids are concerned it is these types we consider!

10. 10 2. Flow regime’ Laminar Turbulent Transition flow Class Exercise: Use the internet to find defientions of the above!

11. 11 3. Compressibility Incompressible fluid: Where the density of the fluid remains constant! (This course) Incompressible fluid: Where the density of the fluid changes during the flow process! (Not this course) When the Compressibility (Bulk) Modulus is? Class Question: What?

12. 12 Continuity of flow For the system shown, given that the flow is laminar, in-viscid and incompressible, find the flow rate at the outlet. A1A1 v 2 m/s v 1 m/s A2A2

13. 13 Continuity of flow; Solution: Here we could just apply the conservation of mass, as we know it is a consequence of the first law of thermodynamics, thus: which implies and gives: As density and the volume of then control volume are constant!

14. 14 The Continuity Equation: We have now we’ve proved the continuity equitation (I wonder why I have spent so many slides on it?) Using the fact that. The flow is in-compressible: The Continuity Equation: :

15. 15 Example #2 Evaluate the velocity of the fluid exiting the barrel of beer: 20mm DIA 1 m/s 6 m/s 30mm DIA

16. 16 Example #2; solution: Apply the continuity equation, thus: Hence: Can you drink BEER that quickly?

17. 17 Class Problems 3.A system has two inlet rates of 3m 3 /s & 2m 3 /s what is the approximate output velocity [2]; and what assumptions did you make [3]? 4.For the system shown, determine the volumetric flow rate and velocity at the out- let. Given the large diameter pipe is 1.25 that of the smaller. 3.2m/s 1.6m/s v out m/s

18. 18 Class problem; solution #4: Here were are given the volumetric flow rate, hence by continuity we have: There are three assumptions in place here: –The flow regime is laminar B1 –The fluid is incompressible B1 –The fluid is in-viscid B1 M1A1

19. 19 Class problem; solution #2: Apply the continuity equation taking D and 1.25D along as parameter, thus: The required velocity can be found from the flow rate thus: M1 M2 A1 M1 A1

20. 20 Examination type questions 1.Explain, using cogent examples: three laws of thermodynamics [6]. a)Use formulae to describe three mechanisms of heat transfer [6]. b)Find the total heat lost an asbestos (thermal conductivity 0.15W/mK) reinforced steel wall (thermal conductivity 50W/mK), given that the concrete is twice the thickness of the steel. [8] 150 o C 25 o C

21. 21 Examination type questions 2.State three states of matter. [3] a)Explain the meaning of incompressible flow [2]. b)Given that the large pipe is 1.4 times the diameter of the small pipe evaluate the velocity at the output [12], c) Clearly state the assumptions of the modelling process [3]. 3.4m/s 2.1m/s

22. 22 Summary Have we met our learning objectives: specifically, are you now able to do: –State and use the basic thermodynamic laws –Derive the conservation of mass –Describe the differences between flow regimes –Calculate simple fluid flow mechanisms –Evaluate volumetric flow rates in fluid simple systems