1. 5 Socialization: The Process of Fitting into Society
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program

2. In Consuming Kids: Protecting our Children from the Onslaught of Marketing & Advertising, Susan Linn looks at the role of media and advertising on the life of a child.

3. Socialization Socialization is defined as the process that teaches the
norms
values
and other aspects of the culture to new group members

4. Primary and Secondary Socialization
Primary Socialization
Socialization that occurs during childhood
Secondary Socialization
Socialization that continues throughout life

5. Nature-Nurture Debate
the belief that genetic and biological heredity are the primary causes of human behaviors
Nurture
the belief that the way in which we think, feel and behave are the results of our environment

6. Nature vs. Nurture Debate
Pure nature theorists believe that the genes we get from our parents at conception are the primary causes of human behavior
Nurture theorists, on the other hand propose that the environment influences the way we think, feel and behave – socialization molds us

7. Nature vs. Nurture Debate
Blended view –
Paul Erhlich (2000), supports a blended point of view. He proposes that human behavior results from the interaction of three factors: our genes, environment, and how these two interact
According to Erhlich, we are the blended products of biology, environment, and the effect they have on each other.

8. Average Vocabularies of Children by Age

9. Cooley’s Theory
Cooley, a symbolic interactionist argued that the self developed in three main stages:
We imagine how we appear to others –
beginning as small children we acquire our sense of self by seeing ourselves reflected in others attitudes and behavior

10. Cooley’s Theory
We draw general conclusion based on the reactions of others –
We start by imagining the way we appear to others, then we identify with how we imagine others judge that appearance

11. Cooley’s Theory
Based on our evaluations of other’s reactions, we develop our sense of personal identity –
Finally we interpret those judgments for ourselves in order to develop unique personalities
This process is called the looking-glass self

12. Mead’s Theory
Mead was a pioneer symbolic interactionist who wrote Mind, Self and Society
The self is the part of personal identity that has self-awareness and self-image
For Mead the self consists of two parts: the I and the me

13. Mead’s Theory
Mead was a pioneer symbolic interactionist who wrote Mind, Self and Society
I is the active spontaneous part of the self
Me is the objective part which questions how others might interpret our actions

14. Mead’s Theory
With the two parts, we are able to reflect on our own behavior and develop a sense of inner continuity or identity
The self develops in three stages
Imitation stage (birth to about 2)
Play stage (pre-school) – begin to play roles of others separate from themselves

15. Mead’s Theory
With the two parts, we are able to reflect on our own behavior and develop a sense of inner continuity or identity
The self develops in three stages
Game stage (school age and above) – we begin to understand that others have expectations and demands, anticipate the roles of others in games, baseball, basketball, etc.

16. Mead’s Theory
Gradually by role-taking, children develop a generalized impression of what people expect of them
Mead called this the generalized other
For Mead and Cooley the self is the product of society
Both Cooley and Mead emphasize the interpretation of symbols in society for the development of the self and identity

17. Erickson’s Stages of Development
Erik Erikson proposed that humans develop a personality in 8 psychosocial stages
During each stage, we experience a particular psychosocial crisis it must be resolved positively or negatively
Each outcome will have an effect on our ability to deal with the next crisis

18. Erickson’s Stages of Development
Erik Erikson proposed that humans develop a personality in 8 psychosocial stages
According to Erickson the crisis at each stage of development must be resolved positively before one can successfully master subsequent stages

19. Erickson’s Stages of Development
Infancy
Toddlerhood
Preschooler
Elementary School
Adolescence
Young Adulthood
Middle Adulthood
Late Adulthood

20. Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development

21. Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development

22. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget’s theory of personality development focused on 4 stages in cognitive development (a person’s ability to think and reason)
Sensorimotor stage – the stage at which infants learn to experience and think about the world through their senses and motor skills
Preoperational stage – the stage at which the ability to speak grows rapidly

23. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Stages of development 3 and 4
Concrete Operational Stage – the stage at which children can think about objects in the world in more than one way and start to understand causal connections in their surroundings
Formal Operational Stage – the stage at which people become able to comprehend abstract thought

24. Kohlberg Lawrence Kohlberg’s moral theory
Suggested that moral reasoning occurs on three levels
The Preconventional level – moral decisions based on seeking pleasure over pain
The Conventional level – use of norms and rules to determine what is right and wrong
The Postconventional level – morality based on abstract principles

25. Gilligan Carol Gilligan’s moral theory
Suggested that males and females make moral decisions differently
Boys use morality of justice – a morally based on the rule of law
Girls use morality of care – a morality that enables them to make moral decisions by a standard of how best to care for individuals

26. Kohlberg and Gilligan’s Theories of Moral Development

27. Agents of Socialization
Agents of Socialization are the people and groups that shape our self-concept, beliefs and behavior
Family
Social class
Neighborhood
Religion
Education
Media

28. Family Families have different parenting styles
Authoritative Style – a parenting style in which parents listen to their children’s input while consistently enforcing the parent’s rules
Permissive Style – a parenting style in which parents provide high levels of support but an inconsistent enforcement of rules
Authoritarian Style – a parenting style with which children experience high levels of social control but low levels of emotional support

29. Three Parenting Styles

30. Resocialization
Resocialization is the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors and abandoning old ones
Resocialization is used in total institutions

31. Total Institutions
Total Institutions are places in which the most effective forms of resocialization can occur because they isolate people from outside influences so they can be controlled – total institutions have these characteristics:

32. Total Institutions
There is one authority, and activities take place in specific locations.
Carefully structured activities control the participants
Authorities carefully screen all information from outside the institution
Rules and roles are clearly defined
A strict hierarchy exists within the institution
Total institutions restrict individual choices

33. Social Class Social class also affects socialization
Melvin Kohn’s research found that working class parents focus on obedience to authority when socializing their children.
Middle class parents in contrast showed greater concern about the motivations for their children’s behavior
Opportunties such at participation in little league sports, music lessons, art lessons, summer camp are affected by social class

34. Neighborhood
The neighborhood you live in also influences socialization
Children who grow up in more affluent neighborhoods often do better in school
Poorer neighborhoods on average have higher rates of crime, teenage pregnancy, drug use, and high school drop outs
William J. Wilson argued that there are fewer role models in poor communities

35. Religion Religion is also important in socialization
Charles Tittle and Michael Welch found that the more religious the juvenile, the less likely he or she is to be a delinquent
Religion is important in socializing beliefs, values and behavior

36. Education Schools teach more than academic skills
They socialize students using the hidden curriculum
Schools teach values promoting citizenship, by setting regulations, how to deal with peers

37. The Effect of Income and Education on Children’s Participation in Organized Sports in Canada

38. Mass Media
Mass media including television, radio, movies, music, books, magazines, and the internet influences socialization
The media transmits values and attitudes
Sex roles are also influenced by the media, sometimes in negatives ways

39. Functionalism and Socialization
According to Functionalist socialization occurs when people internalize society and enact its norms, values and roles
To keep the society in equilibrium and running smoothly, we socialize people to adopt the norms and values and expectation of their particular institution

40. Conflict Theory and Socialization
Conflict theorists believe that that the haves or privileged and have nots are socialized differently
Different classes do not have the same access to participate in organized sports, take music or art lessons or involvement in other activities
Working class and middle class children are socialized to play different roles in society

41. Symbolic Interactionism and Socialization
Symbolic interactionists believe that socialization is the major determinant of human nature.
People develop their sense of self by incorporating how others interpret their behavior
The symbols we encounter such as other people’s interpretation of our behavior help shape who we are and what we become