1. The Peoples Republic of China The Peoples Republic of China The Party, The Government, and Their Tools.

2. I. The Chinese Communist Party I. The Chinese Communist Party

3. Characteristics of the Chinese Communist Party It is hierarchal, pyramidal, and centralist in nature. It is hierarchal, pyramidal, and centralist in nature. This is similar to a Confucian-structured government, except now the Communist Party is the new Empire, and there is a new Red Emperor. This is similar to a Confucian-structured government, except now the Communist Party is the new Empire, and there is a new Red Emperor. Party structure has soviet characteristics. Party structure has soviet characteristics. The Party has had several fluctuations in organizational structure, the main watershed moment being at the end of the Cultural Revolution with the rise of Deng Xiaoping ( ). The Party has had several fluctuations in organizational structure, the main watershed moment being at the end of the Cultural Revolution with the rise of Deng Xiaoping ( ).

4. The National Party Congress

5. Central Party Structure National Party Congress ( ) National Party Congress ( ) The Central Committee ( ) The Central Committee ( ) The Politburo ( ) The Politburo ( ) The Standing Committee of the Politburo ( ) The Standing Committee of the Politburo ( ) The General Secretary of the Party ( ) The General Secretary of the Party ( ) The National Party Congress, Central Committee, The Politburo, The Standing Committee, and General Secretary have: 2114, roughly 300, 22, 9, and 1 members respectively, illustrating the hierarchy. The National Party Congress, Central Committee, The Politburo, The Standing Committee, and General Secretary have: 2114, roughly 300, 22, 9, and 1 members respectively, illustrating the hierarchy.

6. How power is distributed Theoretically all major authority within the Party comes from the National Party Congress, which meets once every five years. Theoretically all major authority within the Party comes from the National Party Congress, which meets once every five years. In Chinese politics there is a significant difference between real and theoretical power. In Chinese politics there is a significant difference between real and theoretical power. The National Party Congress elects the Central Committee. The National Party Congress elects the Central Committee. The Central Committee in turn decides who is on the Politburo. The Central Committee in turn decides who is on the Politburo. The Politburo is typically not in session, and therefore has a Standing Committee of nine members which exercises real power. The Politburo is typically not in session, and therefore has a Standing Committee of nine members which exercises real power. The locus of power is with the Standing Committee. The locus of power is with the Standing Committee. In practice, positions within the Central Committee and Politburo are decided before the Party Congress, whose main function is to announce Party policies. In practice, positions within the Central Committee and Politburo are decided before the Party Congress, whose main function is to announce Party policies. Real power begins with the Politburo, although it is speculated that Hu Jintao will increase the power of the Central Committee in the coming years to induce intra-party democracy. Real power begins with the Politburo, although it is speculated that Hu Jintao will increase the power of the Central Committee in the coming years to induce intra-party democracy.

7. Current Members of the Politburo Standing Committee Hu Jintao( )- President and General Secretary Hu Jintao( )- President and General Secretary Wu Bangguo( )- Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National Peoples Congress Wu Bangguo( )- Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National Peoples Congress Wen Jiabao( )- Premier of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China Wen Jiabao( )- Premier of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China Jia Qinglin( ) - Chairman of Peoples Consultative Conference Jia Qinglin( ) - Chairman of Peoples Consultative Conference Zeng Qinghong( ) - Vice President of the Peoples Republic of China Zeng Qinghong( ) - Vice President of the Peoples Republic of China Huang Ju( ) - Vice Premier- State Council Huang Ju( ) - Vice Premier- State Council Wu Guangzheng( ), Secretary for the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Wu Guangzheng( ), Secretary for the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Li Changchun( )- informal propaganda chief Li Changchun( )- informal propaganda chief Luo Gan( )- Political and Legislative Affairs Committee Secretary Luo Gan( )- Political and Legislative Affairs Committee Secretary *Positions listed include State level positions as well as party. *In Chinese politics, it must be noted that titles of position do not necessarily confer power- Deng Xiaoping was seen as the paramount leader when the only position he held was the Chairman of the Central Military Commission.

8. The Tools The Tools The Chinese Communist Party utilizes a variety of organs in order to administer its rule across China. The Chinese Communist Party utilizes a variety of organs in order to administer its rule across China. These include; The Secretariat, The Central Military Commission, The Discipline Inspection Commission, The United Front Work Department, and the Propaganda Department. These include; The Secretariat, The Central Military Commission, The Discipline Inspection Commission, The United Front Work Department, and the Propaganda Department. In addition, there are leading small groups, which are high ranking Party officials in State agencies. These LSGs have become particularly influential in the area of foreign diplomacy. In addition, there are leading small groups, which are high ranking Party officials in State agencies. These LSGs have become particularly influential in the area of foreign diplomacy.

9. The Secretariat ( ) This organ is paralleled at the State level This organ is paralleled at the State level It is the primary administrative mechanism for the Party and State, and is considered to be the permanent bureaucracy. It is the primary administrative mechanism for the Party and State, and is considered to be the permanent bureaucracy. Its primary function is to make personnel decisions in the Party and State, but not the military. Its primary function is to make personnel decisions in the Party and State, but not the military. It is headed by the General Secretary. It is headed by the General Secretary.

10. Provincial and Local Organization

11. II. The State

12. Basic Organization The Premier The President The Premier The President The State Council The Ministries The Standing Committee of the NPC The National Peoples Congress

13. The National Peoples Congress ( ) The National Peoples Congress is not to be confused with the National Party Congress. The National Peoples Congress is not to be confused with the National Party Congress. The National Peoples Congress is defined as the highest organ of state power by the 1982 constitution. The National Peoples Congress is defined as the highest organ of state power by the 1982 constitution. The National Peoples Congress has roughly 3000 delegates. It meets once every five years, and in the mean time has a Standing Committee ( ) of 150 people. The National Peoples Congress has roughly 3000 delegates. It meets once every five years, and in the mean time has a Standing Committee ( ) of 150 people. Delegate selection in more recent years involves quite a bit of local CCP politics. Delegate selection in more recent years involves quite a bit of local CCP politics. The National Peoples Congress has in the past essence operated as a rubber stamp legislature. The National Peoples Congress has in the past essence operated as a rubber stamp legislature. Because of its size and how often it meets, there are severe logistic restrictions on what it is capable of, and most of the day to day power is with the Standing Committee. Because of its size and how often it meets, there are severe logistic restrictions on what it is capable of, and most of the day to day power is with the Standing Committee.

14. National Peoples Congress Contd In recent years the authority of the NPC has been increased. In recent years the authority of the NPC has been increased. It has notably rejected amendments to constitution proposed by the CCP, and it is now not uncommon for the State Council to withdraw legislation that the NPC has become opposed to. It has notably rejected amendments to constitution proposed by the CCP, and it is now not uncommon for the State Council to withdraw legislation that the NPC has become opposed to. Despite this, it is a a fact of life that the Communist Partys rule is not challenged. Yet when there is not a consensus among the party as to the correct action, the NPC has become a forum for debate so that the party may reach a consensus. Despite this, it is a a fact of life that the Communist Partys rule is not challenged. Yet when there is not a consensus among the party as to the correct action, the NPC has become a forum for debate so that the party may reach a consensus. The other functions of the NPC are to approve nominations to various government positions, including the President of the Peoples Republic of China. The NPC to this day has failed to block a nomination or work report of the CCP, but the votes are no longer unanimous. They still rarely drop below 70%. The other functions of the NPC are to approve nominations to various government positions, including the President of the Peoples Republic of China. The NPC to this day has failed to block a nomination or work report of the CCP, but the votes are no longer unanimous. They still rarely drop below 70%.

15. National Peoples Congress

16. The Standing Committee of The National Peoples Congress ( ) Contains roughly 150 members. Contains roughly 150 members. Constitutional authority to modify legislation within the limits set by the NPC. Constitutional authority to modify legislation within the limits set by the NPC. The Standing Committee can also draft legislation, but has more limits than the NPC as a whole The Standing Committee can also draft legislation, but has more limits than the NPC as a whole Because it is in session longer than the NPC, it has in fact produced a larger set of laws than its counter-part. Because it is in session longer than the NPC, it has in fact produced a larger set of laws than its counter-part. Also has the authority to interpret laws of the Peoples Republic of China Also has the authority to interpret laws of the Peoples Republic of China This ability is legislative in nature, not judicial, and therefore does not effect cases already decided. This ability is legislative in nature, not judicial, and therefore does not effect cases already decided. It is also responsible for the follow; conducting the election of NPC members, supervising the work of the executive, the state Central Military Commission, and judicial organs, deciding on the appointment and removal of State Council members on the recommendation of the Premier, approving and removing senior judicial and diplomatic figures, ruling on the ratification of treaties, and deciding on the proclamation of a state of war when the NPC in not in session. It is also responsible for the follow; conducting the election of NPC members, supervising the work of the executive, the state Central Military Commission, and judicial organs, deciding on the appointment and removal of State Council members on the recommendation of the Premier, approving and removing senior judicial and diplomatic figures, ruling on the ratification of treaties, and deciding on the proclamation of a state of war when the NPC in not in session.

17. The State Council ( ) The State Council is the chief administrative organ of the PRC. The State Council is the chief administrative organ of the PRC. The State Council is chaired by the Premier, and contains 4 vice premiers, five state councilors, and the Secretary General. It contains roughly 50 members. The State Council is chaired by the Premier, and contains 4 vice premiers, five state councilors, and the Secretary General. It contains roughly 50 members. The Premier of China is nominated by the President of the PRC and is confirmed by the National Peoples Congress. The Premier of China is nominated by the President of the PRC and is confirmed by the National Peoples Congress. The Premier is responsible for nominating the premiers and other council members. The Premier is responsible for nominating the premiers and other council members. The Secretary General heads the General Office which handles the day to day affairs, but is relatively powerless. The Secretary General heads the General Office which handles the day to day affairs, but is relatively powerless. Vice Premiers are responsible for particular ministries under the State Council. Vice Premiers are responsible for particular ministries under the State Council. The State Council is almost autonomous of the theoretical NPC control, but this is slowly changing, and in the face of overwhelming opposition it will change policy. The State Council is almost autonomous of the theoretical NPC control, but this is slowly changing, and in the face of overwhelming opposition it will change policy.

18. The State Council Contd At this level of government the Party and the State are effectively fused. As party members council members are required to follow the party line and instruction, but as most of these members are high ranking officials within the party and thus have effective control over what these instructions may be. At this level of government the Party and the State are effectively fused. As party members council members are required to follow the party line and instruction, but as most of these members are high ranking officials within the party and thus have effective control over what these instructions may be. As the main administrative organ, its main functions are to supervise the ministries through the Vice Premiers, formulate administrative measures, draft legislative bills for submission to the NPC or its Standing Committee, and prepare the budget and economic plan for the PRC. Because of the emphasis on economic development in the past years, its importance has increased. As the main administrative organ, its main functions are to supervise the ministries through the Vice Premiers, formulate administrative measures, draft legislative bills for submission to the NPC or its Standing Committee, and prepare the budget and economic plan for the PRC. Because of the emphasis on economic development in the past years, its importance has increased. Despite its control of the ministries, including the Ministry of Defense, it does NOT control the Peoples Liberation Army. The PLA functions independently of the State Council. Despite its control of the ministries, including the Ministry of Defense, it does NOT control the Peoples Liberation Army. The PLA functions independently of the State Council.

19. Ministries and Organs of the State Council Agriculture ( ) Agriculture ( ) Civil Affairs ( ) Civil Affairs ( ) Commerce ( ) Commerce ( ) Communications ( ) Communications ( ) Construction ( ) Construction ( ) Culture ( ) Culture ( ) Education ( ) Education ( ) Finance ( ) Finance ( ) Foreign Affairs ( ) Foreign Affairs ( ) Health ( ) Health ( ) Information Industry ( ) Information Industry ( ) Justice ( ) Justice ( )

20. Ministries and Organs Contd Labor and Social Security ( ) Labor and Social Security ( ) Land and Resources ( ) Land and Resources ( ) National Defense ( ) National Defense ( ) Personnel ( ) Personnel ( ) Public Security ( ) Public Security ( ) Railways ( ) Railways ( ) Science and Technology ( ) Science and Technology ( ) State Security ( ) State Security ( ) Supervision ( ) Supervision ( ) Water Resources ( ) Water Resources ( )

21. The Premier ( ) Head of State Council Head of State Council Theoretically is selected after high level negotiations within the Communist Party Theoretically is selected after high level negotiations within the Communist Party Generally a member of the Standing Committee of the Politburo and is also 2 nd or 3 rd in the Communist Party. Generally a member of the Standing Committee of the Politburo and is also 2 nd or 3 rd in the Communist Party. Responsible for the management of the states bureaucracy. Responsible for the management of the states bureaucracy. Does not have any authority over the PLA. Does not have any authority over the PLA.

22. The President of the PRC ( ) Formal head of state of the Peoples Republic of China Formal head of state of the Peoples Republic of China Formally elected by the National Peoples Congress- but there is always only one candidate. Formally elected by the National Peoples Congress- but there is always only one candidate. President must be 45 and can only serve two 5 year terms. President must be 45 and can only serve two 5 year terms. Has power to put legislation into effect. Has power to put legislation into effect. Appoints all ambassadors, Ministers, Premier, Vice Premiers, State Council Members, legislative committee chairs, treasurers and secretaries. Appoints all ambassadors, Ministers, Premier, Vice Premiers, State Council Members, legislative committee chairs, treasurers and secretaries. Typically is also the General Secretary of the CCP Typically is also the General Secretary of the CCP Can declare state of emergency and state of war. Can declare state of emergency and state of war.

23. III. The Judicial System

24. The Peoples Liberation Army ( )