1. Three Dimensional Visualization of the Solar Corona and study of coronal cavity observed by Yohkoh/SXT and Hinode/XRT J. Okumura, D. Mineyama, H. Watanabe, T. Nakamura, K. Otsuji, S. Aoki, E. Asano, and K. Shibata Department of Astronomy & Kwasan and Hida Observatories, Kyoto University 2008 October 9, Flux Emergence Workshop 2008, Kyoto, Japan

2. Content 1. Introduction 2. How to make 3D movies 3. Brief report about cavity SXT

3. Introduction Solar corona SXT Magnetically Dominated Source of solar wind Solar flares and Corona Mass Ejection(CME) Space weather forecast

4. Introduction Why X-ray? We can see the magnetic structure of the solar corona Why 3D? the origin of coronal activity is closely related to 3D configuration of magnetic fields

5. Introduction To know the three dimensional structure of the solar corona… STEREO (2006-) reveal three dimensional structure of solar corona using simultaneous observation with two satellites. 100” Aschwanden et al.(2008)

6. Introduction Yohkoh/SXT （ 1991-2001 ） Spectral range : 3-45 Å (0.3-4.1keV) spatial resolution 2.5’’/pix Hinode/XRT (2006-) Spectral range : 6-200 Å (0.06-2.1keV) spatial resolution 1’’/pix 2007/01/01 21:54:45.6 XRT SXT (SXT=Soft X-ray Telescope) (XRT=X-Ray Telescope)

7. Introduction Two projection equipments Special kind of screen (reflects polarized light) (Watching 3D movies with polarized glasses at Kyoto University Museum)

8. Yohkoh/SXT

9. How to make 3D solar movie Time Yohkoh was taking the full Sun soft X-ray images approximately every 20 minutes We make images put in the same interval! 30 min 5 hours

10. How to make 3D solar movie Time Yohkoh was taking the full Sun soft X-ray images approximately every 20 minutes We make images put in the same interval! future 7 Imagespast 7 Images 5 hours

11. How to make 3D solar movie Time … … We rotate these 14 images (interpolation) 5 hours (Rigid body rotation model rotating in 27.5 days)

12. How to make 3D solar movie Modified 14 Images14 Images

13. How to make 3D solar movie Right eyeLeft eye t t+7 hours

14. Hinode/XRT First Hinode 3D movie!!

15. Cavity

18. 2006/12/182007/01/01 2007/01/132007/01/27 2007/02/112007/02/26 ?? 2007/01/11 09:10:20 2007/01/12 09:45:52 2007/01/07 08:28:20 Hinode/XRTKanzelhoehe Solar Observatory X-ray Hα

19. Cavity 1991/11/191991/12/121992/01/07 1992/07/161992/08/23 dark circular X-ray void (sometimes with core) 1993/02/17 (Yohkoh/SXT)

20. Cavity dark circular X-ray void (sometimes with core) 1995/01/11 1995/06/191995/01/111997/07/21 1997/11/06 1997/11/19 1997/09/12 (Yohkoh/SXT)

21. Cavity 1. We found 153 cavities - 110 appeared on the east limb - 43 appeared on the west limb 2. Cavity and Eruption 3. Polar cavity??

22. Cavity-Eruption relation

28. Polar Cavity? YearAppearance Date 199110/18South 11/04South 19921/26South 20005/11North 8/29?North 20011/11South 3/04North 1991/11/041992/01/26

29. Polar Cavity?

30. Cavity-Eruption relation YearCavity Appearance on the east limb Eruption Date2 nd Appearance after half rotation North/South Degree(rough) 199110/18South Pole 11/04South Pole 11/1911/26○N70 12/1212/19○N50 12/13South pole 12/26South pole 19921/071/10○S50 1/121/19○N60 1/12S50 1/25N60 1/25South pole 2/112/13N60 2/11S70

31. Cavity-Eruption relation YearCavity Appearance on the east limb Eruption Date2 nd Appearance after half rotation North/South Degree(rough) 3/013/05N70 3/233/24N50 5/10N20 5/266/03S20 7/167/21N50 8/23S50 9/149/16○S40 9/1910/14○N40 9/20S20 9/209/26S70 11/04N40 11/27N20 12/2312/25○S50

32. Cavity-Eruption relation YearCavity Appearance on the east limb Eruption Date2 nd Appearance after half rotation North/South Degree(rough) 19931/231/29○N60 2/13?2/18N70 2/172/25○S70 3/173/22S70 4/13○S30 5/035/13S50 5/135/21N80 9/2410/06S40 19942/24?2/27○S50 6/06N40 6/136/20S30 6/276/30N30 8/239/04S10

33. Cavity-Eruption relation YearCavity Appearance on the east limb Eruption Date2 nd Appearance after half rotation North/South Degree(rough) 8/27N30 9/19S10 11/15○N60 12/02S30 19951/11○N70 2/25N40 6/19N50 8/068/13S10 10/16○N60 19962/21S80 4/30○S70 5/24S70 7/25N70

34. Cavity-Eruption relation YearCavity Appearance on the east limb Eruption Date2 nd Appearance after half rotation North/South Degree(rough) 19972/012/07○S70 2/28S70 3/17N80 5/31S80 6/21○S70 6/25N60 7/19S70 8/18S70 9/04S60 9/12N70 10/0210/17S60 11/03N70 11/20○N80

35. Cavity-Eruption relation YearCavity Appearance on the east limb Eruption Date2 nd Appearance after half rotation North/South Degree(rough) 12/02○N80 12/0412/13S80 12/18N80 19981/171/20N80 2/213/05S80 3/12S50 3/22S70 5/07○S70 6/076/16S70 9/06?9/09?S50 10/14S70 10/26○S80 11/30S70

36. Cavity-Eruption relation YearCavity Appearance on the east limb Eruption Date2 nd Appearance after half rotation North/South Degree(rough) 19991/26S70 4/02N40 4/06?S80 4/22N80 5/04○S80 6/046/15○S80 6/21○N80 7/107/16○S80 7/258/04?○N80 8/03○S80 9/02○S80 10/06S80 10/0810/13N60

37. Cavity-Eruption relation YearCavity Appearance on the east limb Eruption Date2 nd Appearance after half rotation North/South Degree(rough) 10/30S10 12/0512/13○S80 20002/162/20?N50 3/163/18N50 3/30○S80 5/095/13S60 5/11N60 5/11North pole 20006/09○N60 6/09S70 6/166/19N60 7/02North pole 7/097/23?N70

38. Cavity-Eruption relation YearCavity Appearance on the east limb Eruption Date2 nd Appearance after half rotation North/South Degree(rough) 8/29North pole 11/0411/17S50 20011/11South pole 3/04North pole 5/205/31S20 7/207/29S70

39. Summary Three dimensional visualization of solar corona We made stereoscopic movies, using data for 10 years taken by Yohkoh/SXT We made stereoscopic Hinode movies for the first time in the world We can see the faint structure of the solar corona in3D Cavity We discovered many cavities We found many eruptions after appearance of cavity Cavity may be utilized as a sign of a future eruption (In future, we will make a statistical analysis and determine the three dimensional structure of cavity)

40. Cavity appeared on the west limb YearCavity Appearance on the west limb North/South Degree(rough) 199112/13S40 19921/07N60 1/22S50 3/25S50 5/03N50 10/03N70 11/05S70 12/06S60 19931/25S70 3/29S30 8/31S30 10/22N40 19941/28?N30 YearCavity Appearance on the west limb North/South Degree(rough) 19945/24N40 5/19S50 9/10N30 19951/26S40 4/16S40 5/23S30 9/04N70 19962/22S80 3/08S80 8/01N70 12/24N70 19975/11?S80 8/28N70

41. Cavity appeared on the west limb YearCavity Appearance on the west limb North/South Degree(rough) 199711/06N70 11/06N60 11/17S50 11/17S70 11/18S80 11/20N80 19982/06S80 6/08N80 7/12N80 10/07N70 19994/01N60 4/15S10 4/21S80 YearCavity Appearance on the west limb North/South Degree(rough) 19999/21S80 20003/17S80 6/09S70 9/14N60

42. Rotation of images

45. Image correction

46. Unsharpmask

47. Cavity-Eruption relation

50. Polar Cavity

51. Cavity-Eruption relation