1. Welcome to Ethology and Behavioral Ecology

2. Why Do We Study Animal Behavior?

3. To understand the natural world. Why Build Bowers? Vogelkop Amblyornis inornatus MacGregor's

4. Why Decorations? Satin bowerbird bower and court Great bowerbird

5. To Better Understand Ourselves. Where Did “Consciousness” Come From?

6. Part 1: An Historical Overview of the Scientific Study of Animal Behavior

7. Interest in Behavior -- A Rough Indicator

8. The Ancients Needed to observe animals for obvious reasons but this was not formally systematized and generally not communicated. Greeks -- Aristotle and the scala naturae or chain of being Continuum with types grouped by similarity A central aspect of the chain was continuity of the animal and human mind

9. History of Animal Behavior Sources: Evolution Philosophy Neural-medical "Proximate" and "Ultimate" approaches

10. The Birth of Evolutionary Approaches to Behavior The evolutionary study of animal behavior may have begun before Darwin with Herbert Spencer (1858) -- Principles of Psychology – continuity of mental states ranking again – reflex to volition. not surprisingly, he was a Lamarckian.

11. Darwin and Animal Behavior The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871) Expressions of the Emotions of Man and Animals (1872) Darwin tended to rely on anecdotes that he fitted to his theories Serviceable associated habits (associative learning) Antithesis – animals outwardly express their inner emotions Image from Goodenough, McGuire, and Wallace. Perspectives on Animal Behavior. Second Ed. 2001. Wiley

12. Early Nature-Nurture Dicotomy Nature -- behavior springs from inherited factors and is little (if at all altered by experience). Nurture -- behavior comes from experience (learning) and these behaviors are little influenced by genetic differences in animals. The notion is that the two sources of behavior (and other elements of the phenotype) are separate -- the cause is one or the other.

13. The Years After Darwin Late 1800s -- Romanes Emphasized continuity of animals and humans Injective knowledge – knowing what is going on inside of animal by knowing what you feel in the same situation and when you perform similar actions. He used his subjective interpretations to make a table of emotions of where various emotions first arose

14. Romanes List Emotion Shame, deceit Revenge, anger Grief, hate, cruelty Pride, resentment Sympathy Affection Jealous, anger Pugnacity, industry, curiosity Sexual feelings Surprise, fear Animals in which the emotion first appears Apes, dogs Monkeys, elephants Carnivores, rodents Birds Ants, wasps and bees Crustaceans Fish Insects and spiders Molluscs Larvae of insects, annelids

15. Naturalistic Animal Behavior in the Early 1900s Loeb -- everything was a forced movement or tropism toward or away from stimuli Craig on stereotyped behaviors (1918) consummatory – the act itself -- Craig believed it to consist of very fixed behavioral components "drive" -- animal is motivated appetitive (variable) brings animal into proper stimulus situation -- shows plasticity and purpose tendency for a quiescent period afterwards