1. ERT 210/4 Process Control & Dynamics
CHAPTER 10
OVERVIEW OF CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN
Hairul Nazirah bt Abdul Halim
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2. Overview of Control System Design General Control Objectives
Safety - industrial plants operate safely so as to promote the well-being of people and equipment within the plant and in the nearby communities.
Environmental Regulations - Industrial plants must comply with environmental regulations concerning the discharge of gases, liquids, and solids beyond the plant boundaries.
Product Specifications and Production Rate. In order to be profitable, a plant must make products that meet specifications concerning product quality and production rate.
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3. Economic Plant Operation - the plant operation over long periods of time must be profitable. Thus, the control objectives must be consistent with the economic objectives.
Stable Plant Operation. The control system should facilitate smooth, stable plant operation without excessive oscillation in key process variables. Thus, it is desirable to have smooth, rapid set-point changes and rapid recovery from plant disturbances such as changes in feed composition.
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4. Steps in Control System Design
The design procedure consists of three main steps:
Select controlled, manipulated, and measured variables.
Choose the control strategy and the control structure
Specify controller settings & tuning
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5. Control Strategies Chapter 10 Multiloop Control:
- Each output variable is controlled using a single input variable.
- Consist of a set of PI or PID controllers, one for each controlled variable.
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6. Control Strategies Chapter 10 Multivariable Control:
Each manipulated variable is adjusted based on measurements of two or more controlled variables.
Eg. Adjust the feed flow rate to control product flow rate and product composition.
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7. 10.2 THE INFLUENCE OF PROCESS DESIGN ON PROCESS CONTROL
Traditionally, process design and control system design have been separate engineering activities.
The control system design is initiated after the plant design is well underway
This approach has serious limitations because the plant design determines the process dynamic characteristics, as well as the operability of the plant.
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8. (continued)
In extreme situations, the plant may be uncontrollable even though the process design appears satisfactory from a steady-state point of view.
A more desirable approach is to consider process dynamics and control issues early in the plant design.
This interaction between design and control has become especially important for modern processing plants.
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9. As Hughart and Kominek (1977) have noted:
"The control system engineer can make a major contribution to a project by advising the project team on how process design will influence the process dynamics and the control structure.”
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10. Heat Integration of Process Units
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Figure Schematic for conventional distillation system.

11. Chapter 10 Heat integration - reduce the energy cost
Thermal coupling of two or more column
Heat integration reduces energy costs by allowing the overhead steam from Column 1 to be used as the heating medium in the reboiler for Column 2.
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12. Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Two distillation column configurations.

13. However, this column configuration is more difficult to control for two reasons:
a) process upsets in one column affect the other column
b) heat integration configuration has one less manipulated variable available for process control because the reboiler heat duty for Column 2 can no longer be independently manipulated.
These disadvantages can be reduced by adding a trim reboiler. It has a separate supply of the heating medium that can be manipulated.
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14. Figure 10.3 Batch reactor with two temperature control strategies.
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15. The configuration in Fig. 10
The configuration in Fig. 10.3a has a serious disadvantages that the coolant circulation rate varies.
Thus the corresponding time delay for the coolant loop also varies.
Results in nonlinear oscillation during process.
If the reactor temperature increases, the controller increases the coolant flow rate, which reduces the time delay.
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16. When the reactor temperature is too low, the controller reduces the coolant flow rate, which increase the time delay.
This conditions results in a slow response.
This control problem can be solved as shown in Fig. 10.3b. – add recirculation pump
The recirculation rate and process time are kept constant and thus are independent of the flow rate of fresh cooling water.
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17. 10.3 Degrees of Freedom for Process Control
The degrees of freedom NF is the number or process variables that must be specified in order to be able to determine the remaining process variables.
NF can be determined from a relation that was introduced in Chapter 2:
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where NV = the total number of process variables
NE = the number of independent equations.

18. Definition. The control degrees of freedom, NFC, is the number of process variables (e.g., temperatures, levels, flow rates, compositions) that can be independently controlled.
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19. In order to make a clear distinction between NF and NFC, we will refer to:
NF as the model degrees of freedom
NFC as the control degrees of freedom.
Note that NF and NFC are related by the following equation,
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where ND is the number of disturbance variables (i.e., input variables that cannot be manipulated.)

20. Example 10.2
Determine NF and NFC for the steam-heated stirred-tank system modeled by Eqs – 2.52 in Chapter 2. Assume that only the steam pressure Ps can be manipulated.
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21. Solution
In order to calculate NF from Eq. 10-1, we need to determine NV and NE.
The dynamic model in Eqs – 2.52 contains three equations (NE = 3)
Six process variables (NV = 6): Ts, Ps, w, Ti, T, and Tw.
Thus, NF = 6 – 3 = 3.
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22. General Rule.
For many practical control problems, the control degrees of freedom NFC is equal to the number of independent material and energy streams that can be manipulated.
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23. Stirred-Tank Heating Process
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Figure 2.3 Stirred-tank heating process with constant holdup, V.

24. If the feed temperature Ti and mass flow rate w are considered to be disturbance variables, ND = 2
NF = 3
and thus NFC = 1
It would be reasonable to use this single degree of freedom to control temperature T by manipulating steam pressure, Ps.
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25. Selection of Controlled, Manipulated & Measured Variables
Process variables can be classified into input variables and output variables.
Definition of input variables: physical variables that affect the output variables.
Input variables can be divided into manipulated variables and disturbance variables.
Manipulated variables are typically flow rates
Common disturbance variables include the feed conditions to a process and the ambient temperature.
The output variables are process variables that typically are associated with exit streams (e.g. compositions, temperatures, levels and flow rates).
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26. Selection of Controlled Variables
Guideline 1.
All variables that are not self-regulating must be controlled.
-Non self-regulating variable: an output variable that exhibits an unbounded response after a sustained disturbance.
-must be controlled in order for control process to be stable.
Guideline 2.
Choose output variables that must be kept within equipment and operating constraints (e.g., temperatures, pressures, and compositions).
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27. Guideline 3.
Select output variables that are a direct measure of product quality (e.g., composition, refractive index) or that strongly affect it (e.g., temperature or pressure).
Guideline 4.
Choose output variables that seriously interact with other controlled variables.
Guideline 5.
Choose output variables that have favorable dynamic and static characteristics.
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28. Chapter 10 Selection of Manipulated Variables Guideline 6.
Select inputs that have large effects on controlled variables.
Guideline 7.
Choose inputs that rapidly affect the controlled variables.
Guideline 8.
The manipulated variables should affect the controlled variables directly rather than indirectly.
Guideline 9.
Avoid recycling of disturbances.
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29. Chapter 10 Selection of Measured Variables Guideline 10.
Reliable, accurate measurements are essential for good control.
Guideline 11.
Select measurement points that have an adequate degree of sensitivity.
Guideline 12.
Select measurement points that minimize time delays and time constants
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