1. References Computer Networks: Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Forth edition
ترجمه دکتر حسین پدرام
Data and computer Communications, William Stallings
ترجمه محمد مهدی سالخورده حقیقی
Computer Networking “A Top Down Approach Featuring the Internet”, James F. Kurose and Keith W. Ross

2. Chapter 1
Introduction

3. Uses of Computer Networks
Business Applications
Home Applications
Mobile Users
Social Issues

4. Business Applications of Networks
A network with two clients and one server.

5. Business Applications of Networks (2)
The client-server model involves requests and replies.

6. Business Applications of Networks (3)
Communication medium : s
VoIP (IP Telephony)
Video Conferencing
Desktop sharing
E-Commerce

7. Home Network Applications
Access to remote information
Person-to-person communication
Peer To Peer Networks (P2P)
Social Networks
Wiki
E-Commerce
Interactive entertainment
Ubiquitous computing
Power-Line networks
RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification)

8. Home Network Applications (2)
In peer-to-peer system there are no fixed clients and servers.

9. Home Network Applications
Access to remote information
Person-to-person communication
Peer To Peer Networks (P2P)
Social Networks
Wiki
E-Commerce
Interactive entertainment
Ubiquitous computing
Power-Line networks
RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification)

10. Combinations of wireless networks and mobile computing.
Mobile Network Users
Combinations of wireless networks and mobile computing.

11. Mobile Network Users Handled Computers, PDAs Mobile Phones
Smart phones
3G , 4G
GPS
M-commerce (mobile-commerce)
Sensor Networks
Vanets (Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks)
Wearable computers

12. Social Issues CAPTCHAs Anonymous messages Electronic junk mail (spam)
Store personal information
Anonymous messages
Electronic junk mail (spam)
Viruses
Phishing
impersonating people
CAPTCHAs

13. Network Hardware Transmission Technology Broadcast links
Broadcasting
Multicasting
Any casting
Point-to-point links
Unicasting

14. Network Hardware Scale Personal Area Networks (PAN)
Local Area Networks (LAN)
Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
Wide Area Networks (WAN)
Internetworks

15. Classification of interconnected processors by scale.
Networks
Classification of interconnected processors by scale.

16. Personal Area Networks
Bluetooth configuration

17. Local Area Networks
Two broadcast networks
(a) Bus
(b) Ring

18. Local Area Networks Wireless LAN Wired LAN
AP (Access Point), wireless router, or base station
Wi-Fi : standard for wireless LANs called IEEE
Speed : 11 to 100 Mbps (1 Mbps = bps)
Wired LAN
Copper or Fiber
Speed : 100 Mbps to 10 Gbps
IEEE 802.3, popularly called Ethernet

19. Metropolitan Area Networks
Cable TV
WIMAX (IEEE )
A metropolitan area network based on cable TV.

20. Relation between hosts on LANs and the subnet.
Wide Area Networks
Relation between hosts on LANs and the subnet.

21. A stream of packets from sender to receiver.
Wide Area Networks (2)
A stream of packets from sender to receiver.

22. Wide Area Networks (3) Switching Message Switching Circuit Switching
Starvation and Delay
Circuit Switching
Busy time
Packet Switching

23. Network Software Protocol Hierarchies Design Issues for the Layers
Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services
Service Primitives
The Relationship of Services to Protocols

24. Network Software Protocol Hierarchies
Layers, protocols, and interfaces.

25. Protocol Hierarchies (2)
The philosopher-translator-secretary architecture.

26. Protocol Hierarchies (3)
Example information flow supporting virtual communication in layer 5.

27. Design Issues for the Layers
Addressing
Error Control
Flow Control
Multiplexing
Routing

28. Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services
negotiation about the parameters to be used, such as maximum message size, quality of service required, and other issues
Reliable (Acknowledgment)
message sequences and byte streams
Unreliable
Connectionless
store-and-forward switching
cut-through switching

29. Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services
Six different types of service.

30. Service Primitives
Five service primitives for implementing a simple connection-oriented service.

31. Service Primitives (2)
Packets sent in a simple client-server interaction on a connection-oriented network.

32. Services to Protocols Relationship
The relationship between a service and a protocol.

33. Reference Models The OSI Reference Model The TCP/IP Reference Model
A Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP
A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols
A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model

34. The OSI reference model.
Reference Models
The OSI reference model.

35. Reference Models (3) The Physical Layer Send and receive bits
Electrical signals (Voltage and time)
Directions
Establishing and Tearing down connection
network connector

36. The OSI reference model.
Reference Models
The OSI reference model.

37. Reference Models (4) The Data Link Layer Eliminating Errors Framing
Flow control
Medium Access Control (MAC)

38. The OSI reference model.
Reference Models
The OSI reference model.

39. Reference Models (5) The Network Layer Routing
Handling congestion (Bottleneck)
quality of service (delay, transit time, jitter, …)
Connection of heterogeneous networks

40. Reference Models (6) The Transport Layer Segmentation arrive correctly
isolating the upper layers
true end-to-end layer
The Session Layer
dialog control
token management
Synchronization
check pointing long transmissions to allow them to pick up from where they left off in the event of a crash and subsequent recovery

41. Reference Models (7) The Presentation Layer
Unlike the lower layers, which are mostly concerned with moving bits around, the presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information transmitted.
The Application Layer
HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
SMTP, POP
DNS

42. Reference Models (8) The TCP/IP Reference Model
network must be able to survive loss of subnet hardware, without existing conversations being broken off
a flexible architecture was needed
The Link Layer
packet-switching
connectionless layer

43. Reference Models (9) The TCP/IP Reference Model The Network Layer
permit hosts to inject packets into any network
arrive in a completely different order
Like mail system
packet format and protocol
IP (Internet Protocol)
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
Jobs:
Routing
Congestion Control

44. Reference Models (10) The TCP/IP Reference Model The Transport Layer
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
A reliable connection-oriented protocol
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
An unreliable, connectionless protocol
The Application Layer
HTTP,DNS, …

45. The TCP/IP reference model.
Reference Models (11)
The TCP/IP reference model.

46. Protocols and networks in the TCP/IP model initially.
Reference Models (12)
Protocols and networks in the TCP/IP model initially.

47. Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Models
Concepts central to the OSI model
Services
Interfaces
Protocols

48. A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols
Why OSI did not take over the world
Bad timing
Bad technology
Bad implementations
Bad politics

49. The apocalypse of the two elephants.
Bad Timing
The apocalypse of the two elephants.

50. A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model
Problems:
Service, interface, and protocol not distinguished
Not a general model
Host-to-network “layer” not really a layer
No mention of physical and data link layers
Minor protocols deeply entrenched, hard to replace

51. The hybrid reference model to be used in this book.
Hybrid Model
The hybrid reference model to be used in this book.

52. Example Networks The Internet
Connection-Oriented Networks: X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM
Ethernet
Wireless LANs: 802:11

53. The ARPANET (a) Structure of the telephone system.
(b) Baran’s proposed distributed switching system.

54. The original ARPANET design.
The ARPANET (2)
The original ARPANET design.

55. The ARPANET (3)
Growth of the ARPANET (a) December (b) July 1970.
(c) March (d) April (e) September 1972.

56. NSFNET
The NSFNET backbone in 1988.

57. Internet Usage Traditional applications (1970 – 1990) E-mail News
Remote login
File transfer

58. Architecture of the Internet
Overview of the Internet.

59. ATM Virtual Circuits
A virtual circuit.

60. ATM Virtual Circuits (2)
An ATM cell.

61. The ATM Reference Model

62. The ATM Reference Model (2)
The ATM layers and sublayers and their functions.

63. Architecture of the original Ethernet.

64. Wireless LANs (a) Wireless networking with a base station.
(b) Ad hoc networking.

65. The range of a single radio may not cover the entire system.
Wireless LANs (2)
The range of a single radio may not cover the entire system.

66. Wireless LANs (3)
A multicell network.

67. Network Standardization
Who’s Who in the Telecommunications World
Who’s Who in the International Standards World
Who’s Who in the Internet Standards World

68. ITU Main sectors Classes of Members Radiocommunications
Telecommunications Standardization
Development
Classes of Members
National governments
Sector members
Associate members
Regulatory agencies

69. IEEE 802 Standards
The 802 working groups. The important ones are marked with *. The ones marked with  are hibernating. The one marked with † gave up.

70. The principal metric prefixes.
Metric Units
The principal metric prefixes.