2. 1 Impact of Distributed Generation on Voltage Profile in Deregulated Distribution Systems By: Walid El-Khattam University of Waterloo, Canada E-mail: waselkha@engmail.uwaterloo.cawaselkha@engmail.uwaterloo.ca

3. 2 Goals of this Paper: 1.Describe The Benefits of Implementing Distributed Generation (DG) in The Distribution Network as a Source of Active Power. 2.Discuss an EMTDC Simulation Case to Emphasize The Benefits of DG on: a)Improving The Network Voltage Profile. b)Reducing The Network Power Loss. c)Reducing The System Components Capacities.

4. 3 Distributed Generation (DG):  Types: *Fuel Cell (FC) *Micro-Turbines (MT) *Renewable Energy: - Photovoltaic (PV) - Wind Turbines - Storage Energy (Batteries, Flywheels)

5. 4 Transmission System Main Centralized Generation Plant Industrial LoadCommercial Load Residential Loads DSS Distribution System Gas TurbineFuel CellBatteriesPVFuel Cell Gas Turbine Flywheel TL S Tr. Micro Turbine Distribution Network Is No More Vertically Operated

6. 5 Describe Briefly The Benefits of DG : 1)Economic Point of View: a) Save world’s fuels reservoirs b) Save T&D Expansions Costs c) Increase the electric power equipment lifetime d) Can Be Installed incrementally e) Provide Combined Heat and Power (CHP) f) Not Restricted by Geographically Limitations g) Reduce the wholesale power price (Location Margin Pricing LMP)

7. 6 Describe Briefly The Benefits of DG : 2)Operation Point of View: a) Positive Impact on Distribution Network’s Voltage profile b) Reduce System’s Power Losses c) Satisfy the Thermal Constraints of T&D feeders d) Help for “Peak Load Shaving” e) Maintain System’s Continuity, Stability and Reliability f) Provide Local Reliability (in case of emergency and main source’s outages as standby generation) g) Maintain System’s Security and reinforce the Critical Electric Power Infrastructure (Small Islanding) h) Positive Impact on Environmental and eliminate/Reduce emissions

8. 7 An EMTDC Simulation Case Study: The Distribution Network Under Study Distribution Substation L13 L12L11 L10 L9 L6L5L4 L8L7 MF Lat 2 Lat1Lat3 L3L2

9. 8 An EMTDC Simulation Case Study: System Voltage Profile Without and With DG at L13

10. 9 An EMTDC Simulation Case Study: System Voltage Profile With DG at Different Locations

11. 10 An EMTDC Simulation Case Study: System Power Loss Without and With DG at L13

12. 11 An EMTDC Simulation Case Study: System Power Loss With DG at Different Locations

13. 12 An EMTDC Simulation Case Study: Different System Operating Cases: Case (1) The distribution system operates alone Case (2) The distribution system operates with a shunt capacitor connected at L11 Case (3) The distribution system operates with DG connected at L10 Case (4) The distribution system operates with DG connected at L11 Case (5) The distribution system operates with DG connected at L12 Case (6) The distribution system operates with DG connected at L13 Case (7) The distribution system operates DG connected at L5 Case (8) The distribution system operates DG connected at L6

14. 13 An EMTDC Simulation Case Study: SysC @L11DG L10DG L11DG L12DG L13DG L5DG L6 SysC @L11DG L10DG L11DG L12DG L13DG L5DG L6

15. 14 An EMTDC Simulation Case Study: Different System Operating Cases to Study System Components Capacities: Case (1)The distribution system operates alone Case (2)The distribution system operates with a shunt capacitor connected at L11 Case (3)The distribution system operates DG connected at L6 Case (4)The distribution system operates DG connected at L11 Case (5)The distribution system operates DG connected at L12 Case (6)The distribution system operates DG connected at L13

16. 15 An EMTDC Simulation Case Study: DG@L11DG@L6DG@L11DG@L12DG@L13 Sys.

17. 16 Results of an EMTDC Simulation Case Study: Reduce System Components Capacities L6L11L12 VR RequirementsL10L11L12 PL RequirementsL11L12L13 DG Purpose So The Best Point of DG Connection Is Either L11 Or L12

18. 17 Conclusions: DG has positive impact on improving the distribution system voltage profile. DG can reduce the electric distribution system losses. DG is a new promising planning approach. DG as a “Green Electricity” has numerous environmental benefits.