1. Eukaryotic Cell Structures
Chapter 7.3

2. Cellular Boundaries Plasma
____________ membrane (aka cell membrane) is a flexible boundary of a cell
It is also a selectively permeable membrane

3. Cellular Boundaries cell wall cell wall cell membrane
Plant Cells, Fungi, Bacteria and some Protists have an additionally membrane called a _________________
It is a fairly rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane
It provides additional support and protection
cell wall
cell membrane

4. The Cell Wall protects support cellulose not
Forms an inflexible barrier that ___________ the cell and gives it __________
Plant cell wall has carbohydrate ____________ (tough mesh of fibers)
It does _______ select which molecules can enter into the cell
protects
support
cellulose
not

5. The Cell Wall Primary Secondary
Plants can have cell walls that are multiple layers
_____________ cell wall develops in young plants
A ______________ cell wall can develop in more mature plants
Wood is an example of a secondary cell wall
Primary
Secondary

6. The Nucleus and Cell Control
__________ controls activity of the organelles
Has directions (blueprints) to make proteins
Nucleus

7. The Nucleus and Cell Control
It is enclosed by a nuclear _____________, which is has a double membrane
DNA is organized along with proteins into a fibrous material called _____________
Only when cells are preparing to divide, does the chromatin coil up and condense to form _______________
envelope
chromatin
chromosomes

8. 2 Membranes on the nucleus

9. 2 Membranes on the nucleus
Will turn into chromosomeswhen cell is dividing

10. The Nucleus and Cell Control
Within nucleus lies ____________
Nucleolus makes ______________
Ribosomes are the site where ___________ are made (using DNA instructions)
nucleolus
ribosomes
proteins

11. ribosome

12. Ribosomes 2 cytoplasm They are composed of ____ subunits.
Some ribosomes are free & floating in the _____________(clear, gelatinous fluid inside cell) while others are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
They help process instructions (DNA) from the nucleus and convert it into instructions for making a protein 2
cytoplasm

13. The ENDOPLASMIC SYSTEM
The nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane

14. Organelles For Assembly & Transport Of Proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum (_____) = site of cellular chemical reactions
Arranged like folded membranes in cytoplasm ER

15. Organelles For Assembly & Transport Of Proteins
If ribosomes are attached to the surface of ER it is called ________ (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)
RER

16. Organelles For Assembly & Transport Of Proteins
SER
______ = Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum  no ribosomes attached

17. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Synthesizes lipids (oils, phospholipids, & steroids)
Testes & ovaries are rich in SER to make & secrete hormones
Detoxify drugs and poisons in the liver cells
Help trigger muscle contractions

18. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Uses attached ribosomes to make secretory proteins
Ex: insulin (proteins that are released from the cell), glycoproteins (part of the plasma membrane)
To transport proteins to other organelles
Makes its own phospholipids membrane to be transferred by vesicles to other parts of the endomembrane system

19. Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Body
After proteins are made, they are transferred to Golgi Apparatus or ____________
Golgi = center of manufacturing, warehousing, sorting & shipping
Products of the ER are modified, stored, and shipped to other destinations
Golgi body

20. Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Body
Golgi apparatus = flattened stack of membranes (ex: pita bread)
Golgi apparatus sorts proteins into packages and packs them into membrane-bound structures called _______________ to be sent to their destination
vesicles

21. Organelles For Assembly & Transport Of Proteins
Two poles of a Golgi stack are referred to as the _____ face and the _______ face
Cis is located near the ______ and is the receiving end
Trans is the opposite front that sends vesicles on their way
Cis
Trans ER

22. Vacuoles and storage storage vacuole
Vacuoles = membrane bound compartments used for temporary _________ of materials
A vacuole is used to store food, enzymes, waste products, and other materials
storage
vacuole

23. Vacuoles and storage central vacuole Examples: Food Vacuoles
Contractile Vacuoles (pump excess water)
Central Vacuole (seen in plants)
central vacuole

24. Lysosomes and recycling
Lysosomes = organelles that contain __________ enzymes
Digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria
Can fuse with vacuoles and dispense their enzymes into the vacuole, digesting it contents.
digestive

25. Peroxisomes hydrogen peroxide
Contain enzymes that transfer hydrogen from substances to produce _________________as a by-product hence the name!
Use oxygen to break fatty acids down
Detoxify alcohol
H2O2 is toxic to the cell, but it produces an enzyme that converts it to water
hydrogen peroxide

26. Peroxisomes

27. Chloroplasts and Energy
Chloroplast belongs to a group of plant organelles called ___________
Plastids are used for storage (storing starch, lipids, pigments)
Ex: Amyloplast store starch (amylose), Chromoplast have pigments that give fruits & flowers their orange and yellow hues
plastid

28. Plastids

29. Chloroplasts and Energy
Chloroplast have the pigment ___________ (gives it the green color, traps light energy)
chlorophyll

30. Chloroplasts and Energy
Chloroplast = cell organelles that capture ___________ energy and convert it into chemical energy for the plant to use
light

31. granum thylakoid stroma Has double membrane
Little stacks of membranous sacs (ex: poker chips) called ___________. Each individual sac is called a ____________
The fluid outside the thylakoids is called ____________ (similar to cytoplasm)
Found in plants & algae and used for the site of photosynthesis
granum
thylakoid
stroma

32. Mitochondria and energy
Mitochondria = membrane bound organelles in plant and animal cells that transform __________ for the cell
Site of “cellular respiration”  the process that generates ________from sugar (with the help of oxygen)
Energy is stored in bonds of ATP which the cell organelles can access easily
energy
ATP

33. cristae Found in nearly all eukaryotic cells
Some cells have a single large mitochondrion or they can have hundreds
Enclosed by two membranes (Inner & Outer)
Inner membrane is convoluted with infoldings called ____________
cristae

34. Cytoskeleton skeleton
Cytoskeleton = forms a framework for cell (like a ____________)
Network of tiny rods and filaments
skeleton

35. Cytoskeleton Microtubules Microfilaments
________________ = thin, hollow cylinders made of proteins
_______________ = smaller, solid, protein fibers
Maintain shape similar to poles keeping tent up
Microtubules
Microfilaments

36. Centrioles microtubules Found in animal cells Occur in pairs
Made up of ________________
Play an important role in cell division
microtubules

37. Cilia & Flagella microtubules
Cilia and flagella are made of _____________ and aid in locomotion and feeding
In unicellular organisms, cilia & flagella are the main means of locomotion
microtubules

38. Cilia & Flagella hair Cilia = short, numerous _______-like projections
Occur in large numbers on the cell surface
Move more like oars in an alternating pattern
hair

39. Cilia & Flagella
Flagella = longer projections that move with a ________-like motion (usually only 1 or 2 flagella)
whip

40. Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic cells (ex: bacteria) lack membrane-bound organelles

41. The DNA is concentrated in a region called the ___________
The DNA is concentrated in a region called the ___________. No membrane separates this region from the rest of the cell.
nucleoid

42. nucleus cytoplasm bigger
A eukaryotic cell has a true __________, bound by a nuclear envelope.
The region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane is called the __________.
Eukaryotic cells are generally much __________ than prokaryotic cells.
nucleus
cytoplasm
bigger

43. Eukaryotic Cell
Animal Cell

44. Eukaryotic Cell
Plant Cell