Hidden Universes of Information

Hidden Universes of Information
on the Internet abyznewslinks.com Russ Haynal Internet Instructor, Speaker, and Paradigm Shaker Ensure the Internet is an asset, not a liability for your organization Rev. 05/2015 Note: If you send me an , put “internet training” in the 's subject Copyright © Russ Haynal

Introduction to Internet Architecture Preparing for a search
Course Outline specific_page.html Introduction to Internet Architecture Preparing for a search “Persona” issues Search Tools - In Depth Advanced Features Specialized Resources Source Evaluation Review / Summary Online Web page =

Disclaimer This session illustrates a wide variety of search tools, techniques and research methods Consult your organization’s policies to verify if these methods are approved for your types of Internet connections

“A large collection of Inter-connected networks and computers”
Internet Definition “A large collection of Inter-connected networks and computers” “A new fundamental form of communication that will absorb other communication channels” Internet represents a once per thousand year event Last such event = Gutenberg printing press Are You Literate in Today’s Online World?

Internet’s Growth stats.html

Number of hosts in each Domain
stats.html Top Level Domains jp 74,461,142 de 34,904,481 br 33,691,951 it 26,136,473 cn 19,976,554 mx 17,658,991 fr 17,437,386 au 16,900,586 ru 15,122,103 nl 14,011,944 pl 13,535,863 ar 13,335,042 ca 9,004,861 uk 8,116,718 in 7,429,638 tr 7,146,979 tw 6,429,021 se 6,214,373 be 5,380,902 ch 5,241,511 co 4,721,748 fi 4,572,642 es 4,147,699 pt 4,003,039 cz 3,895,833 th 3,674,102 at 3,646,960 gr, za, no, hu, nz,ro, dk, il, ua us 2,087,768 net 366,592,151 com 163,634,309 edu 12,251,571 mil 2,591,408 gov 2,304,501 org 2,119,538 Source: as of July 2013

Example Backbone Maps isp.html Sprint Level 3 AT&T C&W Verizon

Backbones Connecting traceroute.html For a complete picture, initiate traceroutes from within several different backbones backbone ISP- A backbone ISP- B large organization Private Peering hosting data center regional ISP #2 regional ISP #1 Exchange Point Server Backbone ISP Client Regional ISP Enterprise LAN/Wan 8 8

Exchange Point Traffic
isp.html Notice the daily fluctuations - Analysts may want to “schedule” their research Traffic continues to grow rapidly in many locations Source:

How Does it Work? traceroute.html Internet started as “Packet Switching Networks” using TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol - Internet Protocol) Every Internet connection has a unique IP Address consisting of 4 numbers, each number has a range of (e.g ) IP numbers are allocated through a hierarchy IANA  ARIN / RIPE / APNIC / LACNIC / AFRINIC  ISP/company/country Routers direct your packets of information along the “preferred” path Router Router Router Router Router Router Router Router Note: The next version of IP address space (IPV6) is LARGE 3,911,873,538,269,506,102 IP #’s per square meter of the Earth's surface 4,500,000,000,000,000 IP #’s for every observable star in the universe 14 14

Domain Name System domain_name.html The Domain Name System (DNS) associates alpha-numeric names with IP addresses Names are registered with commercial registrars such as Go Daddy or country-specific registrars DNS Servers are distributed throughout the Internet - They act as a set of inter-linked phone books You enter “ DNS servers match it to “ ” Historical meaning for domain names .com=commercial .net= Internet Provider .org = non-profit .uk = United kingdom pk= Pakistan .ru = Russia Reality…. Many country domain names are for sale to ANYONE from ANYWHERE 15 15

Web Server / Web Site Web pages = htm, html Graphics = gif, jpg
Other files =pdf, ppt, doc, txt, exe, zip Web site = the content Web server = computer with server software and reliable Internet connection 29

A more complex environment
User Browser Online Hosting typed form Application server Web server page  data Internet users interact with web server Web server query is passed along to database The content of the database is only displayed TEMPORARILY in a web page that is created in response to USER-actions. Most database content is unreachable by search engines 30

Accessing a Web Page “Document not found”? - Try shortening the URL!
1. Browser requests URL: company.com 2. Connect to web server Sales gadget.html 5. background communications: Graphics, cookies, etc logo.gif 4. Browser displays gadget.html, requests graphics, and eventually terminates connection to the server 3. Server sends gadget.html from its sales directory “Document not found”? - Try shortening the URL! 30

Course Outline specific_page.html Introduction to Internet Architecture Preparing for a search “Persona” issues Search Tools - In Depth Advanced Features Specialized Resources Source Evaluation Review / Summary

Introduction to “Persona”
persona.html As you surf the Internet, you give-off a certain persona URL1 Web Server Analyst Webmaster URL2 Internet Access Access logs Reports While viewing a web page (URL1), you click on a hyperlink to another web page (URL2) Your web browser sends “environment variables” to the web server Webmaster’s use this information to determine information about you and your organization (physical location, your interests, software ) You should always know what websites know about you

Persona Details persona.html Your persona is communicated to every web server that you visit You should understand your persona before you visit any website For example, should you visit: badguy.com from agency.gov? Your persona is communicated via “environment variables” such as: REMOTE_HOST = This is the name associated with your IP Number REMOTE_ADDR= This is the IP number of your computer, or proxy A webmaster could do a traceroute to see how you are connected HTTP_REFERER = This is the URL of the page you were previously viewing. Be careful on how you create web pages For example, do you want to reveal the following?: is listed on Persona details may also be transmitted via Java applets (e.g. ga.js) and Adobe flash

A Typical Scenario... Analyst searchtool.com “search terms”
persona.html searchtool.com “search terms” Analyst webmaster hits page destination.com Persona: - agency.gov OR - town.ninja.com webmaster searchtool.com webmaster knows your “search terms” destination.com webmaster knows what “search terms” you used to find them

Always check your Persona
persona.html Important note: This test page is most accurate when you click on a link to arrive at this page. This is a key paragraph to look for… If this is missing, then no referring URL is being passed via http_referer Several persona testers are listed at navigators.com/persona.html

Think before you click... persona.html Does your connection transmit a referring URL? IF IT DOES... do NOT “Click” on your search results Referring URL Hover over the link to see its URL Clicking on this link will tell orgnet.com’s webmaster that you found them while searching for “terrorist”

Exposing a “less recognizable” persona
persona.html Analyst #1: uses agency.gov persona to visit “targets” Analyst #2: uses “ninja.com” persona to visit “targets” Result: “ninja” persona may be recognized as “agency.gov” visitor The “parallel visit” Problem... Analyst #1 target.com agency.gov Even with no http_referer, a webmaster can still make the association due to high volume hits, usage patterns, software footprint, etc. Analyst #2 ninja.com The “portal” Problem... agency_portal.com/page_names Analyst #1 target.com agency.gov Persona=agency.gov + referrer = portal Analyst #2 ninja.com Persona=ninja.com + referrer = portal

Course Exercises Pick a topic you can stay with for 2 days
Student-chosen topic – You will search for the same topic throughout the course. This allows you to compare results among the various search tools / techniques. Pick a topic you can stay with for 2 days A combination of lecture, demo, and hands-on exercises will occur for each major search tool as follows: Lecture - I will introduce the search tool/technique (Please refrain from using your computer) Demo - I will demonstrate the tool/technique Individual search – You search your chosen topic - Be an “explorer”, not a “camper” - Add many favorites, and keep going

Plan out your Internet Research
search_methodology.html Spell it Out - Define the topic, spell it out, key words, acronyms, “what” and “who” Strategize - Choose your approach, online resources, specific search tools Search - Get online, stay focused, use advanced search features Sift - Filter the results, follow the leads Save – Make bookmarks, take notes, organize results, share with co-workers

Spell out the topic... search_methodology.html 1. Name of topic, and what do you want to learn about the topic __________________________________________________________________ 2. Spell out the topic (search terms, acronyms, abbreviations) common, simple terms obscure, specific terms _______________________________ _______________________________ 3. Make a list of “who” might publish such information (industry association, government agency, NGO’s, user group etc.) __________________________________________________________________

Follow All Good Leads in Parallel
multiple_browsers.html Page A Page 1 Page Y link1 link2 link3 linkX linkY linkZ linkM linkN linkO Many users follow only one good lead at a time Results linkA linkB linkC Valuable links B&C never get explored... Page A Page 1 Page Y link1 link2 link3 linkX linkY linkZ linkM linkN linkO Results linkA linkB linkC Page B Right-click to open each link in its own browser window (or tab) Switch between windows = “ALT-tab” Switch between tabs= “CTRL-tab” Note: http_referrer is still transmitted Do NOT launch multiple browsers from desktop or start-menu link1 link2 link3 Page C link1 link2 link3

Overview of Search Tools
search_tool_intro.html Search Engine (Google, Bing) Large database – text from billions of clickable pages Directory (dmoz.org) Manually built subject tree – links to millions of web sites “User Pages” (Joe’s guide to widgets) Built by subject experts - hundreds of topic-related links Pick the right tool... Each tool has strengths and weaknesses

Directory ( www.dmoz.org, dir.yahoo.com)
search_tool_intro.html Links are grouped by topic Pages are manually built Filer may not be a subject-expert Directory Good for early stages of search, general subjects URL’s & Descriptions (submitted by users)

Class Exercise – browsing a directory
Go to Do NOT use the “search box” “Explore” for your topic by clicking through categories / sub-categories / When you reach the “bottom” of a subject tree, right-click  “open new window” any useful links Make bookmarks of any good websites (including websites that are “close enough” to your topic)

Searching a directory... search_tool_intro.html Searches the text within the directory’s own web pages Use search terms that would appear in: category titles web site titles web site’s brief description You are NOT searching the websites, just their brief description

Class Exercise: Searching a directory
search_tools.html Go to Type into the search box Enter only a few simple searchterms name of category / name of website keyword from website’s brief description Do not just click on search results NO Yes Instead, click on the category to see this hit and additional websites which may not have used your particular search terms

Search Engines ( google.com , bing.com)
search_tool_intro.html Search Engine copied Web page Web Servers Your PC Search Interface Indexer Robot Search engine’s “robot” clicks through Internet, copies web pages into its database Supports detailed keyword searches Learn the features & options of each search engine Indexed Database Cached Web pages You must envision the target page “Use your imagination” e.g. Try adding “resume” or “curriculum vitae” to your search terms 36 36

Class Exercise: Using a search engine
search_tools.html Go to google.com and bing.com Enter identical terms into both search engines (make sure search terms remain unchanged) Look through the search results Which gave more hits? Are top-ten hits the same? Add additional specific search terms as needed to focus the search results Make bookmarks of any good websites

Search Engine Comparison
search_tools.html – Compares the first sixty hits from two search engines you select Notice on this search for “jihad’, only 12 out of 60 hits appeared in both Google and Yahoo… Most hits are unique to each search engine Global Search Stats Source: comScore qSearch News, forums and analysis of search engines

Which have you bookmarked?
search_tools.html basic search advanced search Advanced search page can be used just as easily as basic search page Seeing these options might remind you to use them Key Tip: Limit your searches to PDF or Powerpoint files to quickly locate detailed content from great web sites and

Google’s Cached Issues…
cached.html Leads your browser to live website Google stores the text of a cached webpage. The graphics, videos, etc. are still downloaded by your browser from the live website. To view a “text only” version of Google’s cache… 1) Cut and paste this text into your browser address bar: 2) Add your desired address onto the end of the above string for example: webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?strip=1&q=cache:navigators.com/isp.html no space

search_tools.html Yippy examines the first couple hundred hits, and groups them together into “clouds” View the hits you really want without reading through 200 mixed search results Ixquick.com - searches multiple search tools Stars show number of search engines that gave site a top 10 ranking

Web Analytics (alexa.com, urlm.com, urlm.co.uk)
search_tools.html Like most toolbars and browser extensions, it “spies” on its users Some of the information collected via the toolbar is available for free at alexa.com Enter a domain name Study web analytics and “related” sites Top sites listed by country or subject area This is a great way to quickly assess the popularity of a website, and audience demographics

“User Pages” Focused on a specific subject
search_tool_intro.html Focused on a specific subject Developed by “experts” in that field (or a person with passion for subject) Often contains “the best” online resources Potential weblink Info Expert

Finding “User pages” Announced to Dmoz and other directories
search_universes.html Announced to Dmoz and other directories Listed at wikipedia, wikimapia Groups of users at forums, blogs and mailing lists Watch for sites labeled: “Joe’s ultimate guide to widgets” “User pages” often point to other “user pages” “Surfing Upstream” from several related sites Ask other researchers – there are several sites that everyone knows as “the best” Interactive, live communication (Chat, VOIP, virtual worlds) Online Communities as Resources pp When and Why to Use Using any one of the above communities can be useful if you need to do an exhaustive research on a topic. Newsgroups and mailing lists are generally centered around very specific topics and their followers tend to be experts in their field. News and FAQ archives are a great way to dig up specific technical information. When posting to an online community for research, proceed with caution. Newsgroup and listserv subscribers are easily annoyed by simple questions or an overabundance of queries in their mailboxes. If you abuse your privileges you may not be openly received. Because posting a question to an online community requires a human response, it can take a long time to get an answer if you get one at all.

Wiki ____ “map type” google map: zoom to the right location
A Wiki allows immediate creation and editing of pages by “anyone” Wikipedia.org – Encyclopedia that can be instantly edited by ANY Internet user Good starting point for many subjects to gain an overview of the topic Page can be biased from the most recent editor Some entries get “locked-down” due to vandalism old.wikimapia.org – same concept applied to maps “map type” google map: zoom to the right location “map type”  “wikimapia classic” : to see comments To learn about the author: click on a comment box  menu  history  the user’s name  stats  then clicking on the stat numbers listed shows every place that user has added

Blogs and Forums A Web Log (blog) is usually owned by one person
search_universes.html A Web Log (blog) is usually owned by one person Owner can post a log of their daily activities, or post ongoing comments about a topic Others may also be allowed to add comments onto the blog Wordpress and blogger are popular sites Forum – discussion focused on a particular topic Many users can participate by posting messages Moderators may “police” comments that are considered off-topic Try searching for: Searchterms forum post - to find a forum that discusses your topic Searchterms forum post replies views – to find individual threads and messages that discuss your topic Membership requirements are a barrier to search engine robots Vbulletin is a popular program used on many forums

Surfing Upstream vs. Downstream
search_upstream.html “Upstream” “Joe’s guide to MANY targets” Target.com #1 #3 #2 Target.com Target2.net Target.com #1 Most researchers follow the links “downstream” from an interesting page #2 Shows pages that link towards the target (=upstream) This is an Indication of the page’s “popularity” = who knows about target.com #3 Shows pages that link to both target sites … = “user pages” for that topic

Be Creative When Surfing Upstream Example: Washington DC Tourist Sites
search_upstream.html Museums / Educational Theatre links DC Tourism (air & space museum) Any combination of these target pages will lead you to “DC Tourism” pages, but certain pairings may also lead you to subject-specific pages

Surfing Upstream Details
search_upstream.html search format at google or bing search results “ contain text: “ contain text of the specific page address +“ +“ contain text of both example site addresses This is a great way to discover “user pages” (e.g. Joe's guide to many example-sites) You need to decide which scenario makes more sense; Row #1 or Row #2 e.g. who links to the home page of the entire site vs, who links to a specific webpage within the site A 3rd and 4th site can be added if they are popular enough Note: do not include “

Searching within a site or domain name
search_upstream.html search format at google search results site:example.com pages hosted on any kind of example.com servers ( blog.example.com, etc). This is a quick way to assess the size/depth of a web domain site:example.com searchterm pages hosted at example.com which mention "searchterm" site:ru searchterm pages hosted on .ru servers which mention "searchterm" site:ac.ru nuclear pages hosted on any academic .Russian servers which mention nuclear site:iaea.org iran filetype:pdf PDF documents hosted at iaea web servers which mention iran. This technique can save you weeks of search time Much faster than reading through thousands of web pages from a large website “use your imagination” to focus these searches Note: do not include “ or “www”

Who knows about your topic? (google search terms in red)
search_upstream.html Example: Iranian cell phone Company (Irancell-MTN) Topic’s own website Marketing information Press announcement site:irancell.ir Equipment vendor Phones, networks Press announcement site:nokia.com iran Government Regulations, license site:gov.ir irancell Industry Magazine News, vendors, maps, Management interviews site:gsma.com iran Employees Resumes, Job Postings resume irancell site:linkedin.com irancell Resume’ Construction vendor Towers, networks site:vendorsname.com iran Customers Service issues, technology insights Irancell forum post site:mob.ir irancell Investors Ownership, disclosures

The “clickable web” is TINY
search_tool_specialized.html Total online material Specialized Databases World Wide Web (Clickable pages) = 1000X larger than the web Search Engines 1. Initial Search 2. Detailed Search Blogs Forums Multi- media Closed systems © navigators.com Many detailed searches are a two-step process find the specialized database then type appropriate query into that database 37 37

55,000 public record databases
Lists of databases search_tool_specialized.html For specific information, use a specialized search tool Get “deeper” results than a general search engine Thousands of search engines are listed Search engines are grouped according to the subject they cover 70,000 databases .com .net 55,000 public record databases Or do your own search for the organization that would host the specialized database

Specialized Databases
search_tool_specialized.html A phone book for the entire U.S. Includes reverse look-ups Worldwide list of manufactures Real-time tracking of ships from around the world Federal Register and much more Specialized databases contain content that search engines can’t reach

Business databases can be quite useful
search_tool_specialized.html Most publicly held companies are required to file financial statements with the Securities Exchange Commission These filings are online at SEC’s EDGAR database READ forms 10-Q and 10-K (quarterly and annual report) These are very detailed reports about the company’s activities, plans, sales, etc Seek out other business databases: financial, investment, Patents, government regulatory, etc Databases may be available at your library (internal or public)

Many country resources are online
country_specific_content.html Assess popularity of resources using Alexa, or do a quick search using site: at Google Phone books

Many countries sell their domains
domain_name.html These were just some of the country domains available for sale “All Domains” happens to be a licensed “registrar” for these countries There are many additional countries who sell their domain names to “anyone”

Learn about the 2-letter code
domain_name.html Visit your county’s domain name registrar OR What is the policy for getting a domain name? (citizenship, trademark, local presence, money) What is the cost to register a domain name? Are there any censorship clauses? Does the registrar require any proof of identity? (drivers license, passport, business license) Is there a whois service? (make a bookmark)

An analysis of domain name policies
domain_name.html An analysis of domain name policies Most countries sell their domain names to “anybody”

Domain Names for Sale domain_name.html Only 29% .HT domain names were registered to people with a Haitian address 48% of Haiti’s Domain names were registered to U.S addresses When you see a .ht website… is it necessarily foreign? 1000+ new domains! Mailing address for .HT Domain Owners Haiti United States

Source evaluation Pick apart the URL:
sesseval.html Pick apart the URL: Determine where “ownership” of the web page begins Browse the directories (shorten URL if necessary) Look at domain’s home page - Is it a web hosting site? Is “pathname” a user account? IF the domain home page looks like the “owner” of the content, then you can move forward with whois and traceroute

Source Evaluation - Using WHOIS
whois.html Domain names are “registered” at Internet registrars (global, country-specific) Each registrar develops its own policies may sell to anyone/anywhere (.com, .org, .net, .tv, .pk ) may have strict qualification requirements (.gov, .mil, .au) Registrants provide “point of contact” information, for at least invoicing purposes Domain “point of contact” information is often available from the registrars’ database via a “WHOIS” query WHOIS contents may be inaccurate, although usually the , or postal address will be correct to receive renewal invoice

Performing a “Whois Query”
whois.html “whois” reveals the “owner” of a domain (searchenginewatch.com) Administrative contact: Ron Doobay HAYMARKET HOUSE 28-29 HAYMARKET LONDON SW1Y 4RX UK Technical contact: Domain Administrator 3rd Floor Prospero House 241 Borough High Street Borough London SE1 1GA UK Created on: Expires on: Domain name servers: NS3.INCBASE.NET NS2.INCBASE.NET NS1.INCBASE.NET Spam concerns has lead to many domain names being registered via “privacy enhanced” options

Traceroute Shows a network path between 2 machines
traceroute.html Shows a network path between 2 machines Traceroute designed to help de-bug network connections Can initiate traceroute from your workstation, or from public “traceroute servers” located throughout the Internet Each Internet provider has their own naming convention for their infrastructure Location labels: City names or 3-letter airport codes Exchange points (LINX, HKIX, AMS-IX) Infrastructure Topology (T3, FDDI, GE, SMW3) A website can be hosted anywhere Could be at organizations’ building, but may be hosted at a well-connected web hosting facility

Results of Traceroute traceroute.html traceroute output from to ( ) 1 ms ( ) 1 ms ( ) 1 ms ( ) 5 ms 5 core-01-ge.phnx.twtelecom.net ( ) 5 ms 6 core-02-so.lsag.twtelecom.net ( ) 17 ms 7 tran-01-ge.lsag.twtelecom.net ( ) 17 ms 8 POS1-1.GW3.LAX1.ALTER.NET ( ) 17 ms 9 CL2.LAX4.ALTER.NET ( ) 18 ms 10 TL2.LAX9.ALTER.NET ( ) 18 ms 11 so.TL2.DCA8.ALTER.NET ( ) 74 ms 12 so.XL2.DCA8.ALTER.NET ( ) 74 ms 13 ATM6-0.GW3.BWI1.ALTER.NET ( ) 76 ms 14 * * * 15 * * * Time-Warner and Alternet may peer at Los Angeles Baltimore airport code Traceroute and other online resources help reveal the dynamic architecture of the Internet

A Foreign Newspaper ??? URL = http://www.eldia.com.ar
“.ar” implies the site is from Argentina? Traceroute reveals this website is physically hosted in the U.S. traceroute from to 1 woody-netops.telcom.Arizona.EDU ( ) 1 ms ….. 8 peer-01-ge.chcg.twtelecom.net ( ) 46 ms …. 10 r01.chcgil01.us.bb.verio.net ( ) 48 ms 11 r02.stngva01.us.bb.verio.net ( ) 83 ms 12 ge.r0728.stngva01.us.wh.verio.net ( ) 81 ms 13 ge.stngva01.us.wh.verio.net ( ) 81 ms 14 noticiasargentinas.com ( ) 80 ms 80 ms 81 ms Chicago, Illinois Sterling, Virginia wh = web hosting

Build a web page in 5 minutes
developer.html Launch microsoft word Type, type, type (be creative) File  save as web page Make a hyperlink: Highlight some text : “insert menu” -> hyperlink” Type complete URL (e.g. / ) Test the page  file  preview in browser Borrow a graphic  “right-click” CNN logo  “Save image” (C/temp) Insert a graphic : “insert menu”  “insert image”  from file Upload the finished page:  announce to Google, Bing, etc Any webmaster only requires this 5 minutes worth of knowledge

Each search tool is different
Each search tool has it’s own unique set of defaults and options Take the time to learn the options of each tool Don’t assume anything These tools are competing, trying to be unique Read the help

Search - Review Stay organized in your search
(spell, strategize, search , sift, save) Be conscious of the type of tool you are using (and read its help) The “right” search terms, placed correctly into the “right” search tool, should quickly yield “good” results Discover the best “user pages” and online communities for your topic - follow their leads (They have already weeded through the junk) Stay organized in saving your discoveries

Search Scenario Create bookmark folder
Explore topic areas at directories or wikipedia Watch for “user pages” Are there databases or forums for the topic Surf upstream to find additional “user pages” Save search engines for specific, obscure search terms - use advanced features (pdf)

Several open sources can be combined to build a complete picture
Satellite imagery follows cable Nautical charts show exact cable locations Start with a simple cable map FCC Filings, Building Permits, etc. provide additional details: fcc.gov filings: “12. C&W USA states that the Apollo Cable landing stations in the United States will be located in New York and New Jersey. In New York, the cable landing station will be located in Tritec Park, Brookhaven Technology Center, Shirley, New York, at coordinates 40º 50 minutes 30 seconds north and 72º 53 minutes 4 seconds west.” Newspaper / Building Permit Section: “USA Apollo Cable Landing Station, Ramsay Rd. and Precision Dr., site plan-land division station, construct 25,573-square-foot one-story building to house computer equipment for a fiber optic cable landing station on one lot of a two-lot land division in Phase 1. External generators and associated above-ground vaulted diesel fuel tanks to be installed in Phase II. Cable & Wireless USA, Shirley.” Here is the cable landing station Reference:

web.archive .org User PC Robot Web Servers
persona_example.html copied web page Web Servers User Interface User PC Robot Archive.org robot collects web pages like other search engines Previous web page copies are not deleted Recent copy Archive copies Surf through previous copies of a web site Deleting sensitive information from today’s web server does not remove it from archive.org “document not found”? – Paste the address into archive.org Viewing archived web pages will cause hits to live target website

The Future of the Internet
transport Content Consumer of content Types of content Information, entertainment, business, leisure Content origins corporations, hollywood, other people Content formats text, audio, video, interactive reality Transport mechanism Phone line (copper/fiber), coaxial cable, wireless, direct satellite, electric lines Mergers and acquisitions are occurring horizontally and vertically 48

Master the Information Superhighway
Summary Internet contains a large, fragmented information space Search engines are limited to billions of “clickable” pages The best content is organized by “people without lives” The Internet will transcend all other communication technologies Change is the only constant The Future is Clear... Master the Information Superhighway or Become Roadkill

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