2. United States History The Cold War Conflicts

3. The Cold War

4. Cold War Begins
a non-military battle of diplomacy and propaganda between the United States and Soviet Union
Lasted from
led to “hot” wars around globe
in Korea, Vietnam
- Many of the smaller wars were called proxy wars because the U.S. and U.S.S.R. never fought face to face

5. U.S. vs. USSR (Soviet Union)
U.S U.S.S.R
Capitalism Communism
Private property State owns
Democratic Totalitarian

7. The Ideological Struggle
Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations [“Iron Curtain”]
US & the Western Democracies
GOAL  spread world-wide Communism
GOAL  “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. [George Kennan]
METHODOLOGIES:
Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars”
Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

8. The “Iron Curtain”
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

9. FIGHTING COMMUNISM
CONTAINMENT POLICY: The U.S. would work to stop the spread of communism.
1. Truman Doctrine
2. Marshall Plan
3. NATO and other alliances

10. 4. The Truman Doctrine & Domino Theory
Truman Doctrine: U.S. would aid countries around the world who are fighting communism (like Greece and Turkey).
Domino Theory: If the U.S. doesn’t fight communism, then countries will fall to communism like dominos.

11. The ‘Truman Doctrine’
Truman had been horrified at the pre-war Allied policy of appeasement and was determined to stand up to any Soviet intimidation. The Truman Doctrine in March 1947 promised that the USA “would support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”.
Triggered by British inability to hold the line in Greece, it was followed by aid to Greece and Turkey, and also money to help capitalists to stop communists in Italy and France. It signalled the end of “isolationst” policies.

12. The Marshall Plan 1948 Plan to aid Europe—in ruins
Prevent countries from falling to communists
Aid American business
$17 billion to 16 countries in Europe (not Soviet Union)

13. The ‘Marshall Plan’
The Marshall Plan offered huge sums to enable the economies of Europe to rebuild after World War II, and, by generating prosperity, to reject the appeal of Communism.
The Soviet Union (USSR) prevented Eastern European countries from receiving American money.

14. NATO vs. WARSAW PACT
North Atlantic Treaty Organization: defense alliance among U.S. and Europe against the Soviet Union. Still exists.
Warsaw Pact: Defense alliance among Soviet Union and its satellite governments in Eastern Europe.

15. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
United States
Belgium
Britain
Canada
Denmark
France
Iceland
Italy
Luxemburg
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
1952: Greece & Turkey
1955: West Germany
1983: Spain

16. Warsaw Pact (1955) U. S. S. R. Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Hungary
Poland
Rumania

17. Postwar Germany Nuremburg Trials for war crimes Divided into 4 zones:
West Germany – U.S., Britain, and France
East Germany- Soviets
Capitol city of Berlin divided into 4 zones (in East Germany)
Berlin Airlift: In , the U.S. and Europe flew food and supplies to save West Berlin, until Soviets reopened roads.

19. Improve your knowledge
Divided Berlin
The Russians took very high casualties to capture Berlin in May They spent the early occupation trying to take over all zones of the city but were stopped by German democrats such as Willy Brandt and Konrad Adenauer. Reluctantly the Russians had to admit the Americans, French and British to their respective zones.

20. Divided Germany Iron Curtain – A term used by Winston Churchill
to describe the
separating of
Those communist
lands of East
Europe from the
West.
Divided Germany

21. Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)

22. Berlin
West Berlin, was an outpost of Western democracy and economic success deep within the communist zone – like a capitalist island within communist East Germany
The Berlin Blockade was an attempt to starve West Berlin into submitting [giving up] to the communists
The Allied [western powers] airlift signalled the West’s determination to use all resources to defend Berlin. It was felt by both sides that Berlin could act as the trigger for general war between capitalist and communist countries

23. Post War Japan: U.S. occupied – under General MacArthur
New constitution
Democracy with Emperor as figurehead
Rebuild economy
Abolished army and navy
Tokyo trials convicted war criminals

24. The Red Scare Intense fear of Communists taking over U.S.
China became a Communist country in 1949.
Soviets developed an atomic bomb in 1949.
Rosenbergs convicted of selling atomic secrets to Soviet Union. Executed 1953.

25. McCarthyism
In 1950, Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin claimed that he had “lists” of communists in the U.S. government.
Falsely accused hundreds of people of being active Communists, ruining lives.
When hearings were televised, people saw that McCarthy was wrongly accusing many people.
Censured (punished) by Senate.

26. Korean War [ ]

27. Korean War [ ]
Kim Il-Sung
Syngman Rhee
“Domino Theory”

28. MacArthur at Inch'on landing
U.S. General Douglas MacArthur led the U.N. force, approximately 80% of which were U.S. soldiers.

29. Korean War,
Divided north and south at 38th parallel at end of WWII.
In 1950, Communist North Korea invaded South Korea.
The U.S. and United Nations, aided the South; China aided the North Koreans.
Treaty signed in 1953, keeping dividing line at 38th parallel (still today).
33,000 American soldiers died, 100,000 wounded.

30. The Shifting Map of Korea [1950-1953]

31. U.N. troops regained South Korea by March of 1951.
Ending the War:
U.N. troops regained South Korea by March of 1951.
Gen. MacArthur wanted to attack China with support of Chinese nationalists.
President Truman disagreed with MacArthur about attacking China.

32. Truman fired MacArthur for defying him by publicly taunting and threatening the Chinese.

33. In July of 1953, the Korean War ended

34. Space Race Began when Soviets beat the U.S. into space
Soviet satellite Sputnik launched in 1957
Explorer I, the first U.S. satellite, was launched in 1958.
The National Defense Act of 1958 approved federal funding of education in math, science and foreign languages.
Reforms in education –

35. The Arms Race: A “Missile Gap?”
The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949.
Now there were two nuclear superpowers!

36. Nuclear Arms Race
Hydrogen bomb invented – both U.S. and Soviets had them
1,000 times more powerful than atomic bomb—vaporized an island.
Dangers of fallout and radiation
Many built
bomb shelters!!

37. Improve your knowledge
The nuclear bomb gave America a lead which was expected to last at least 5 years. The rapid Russian development of nuclear technology, helped by the work of the “atom spies” was a shock. Significantly, Russia hurriedly declared war against Japan at the beginning of August 1945 and rushed to advance into Asia to stake out a position for the post-war settlement. This helped make both the Korean and Vietnamese conflicts more likely.

38. National Defense Budget [1940-1964]

39. Premier Nikita Khrushchev De-Stalinization Program
About the capitalist states, it doesn't depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) exist. If you don't like us, don't accept our invitations, and don't invite us to come to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on our side. We will bury you
De-Stalinization Program

40. An Historic Irony: Sergei Khrushchev, American Citizen
Who buried who?

41. Mao’s Revolution: 1949
Who lost China?

42. Growing Interest in China
People’s Republic of China:
In the 1940’s, China was embroiled in a civil war.
Nationalists
Led by Chiang Kai-shek
Communists
Led by Mao Zedong

43. The U.S. gave the Chiang Kai-shek millions of dollars, but the communists won the war.

44. China became a communist country, and Chiang Kai-shek and his forces fled to Taiwan.

45. Nixon-Khrushchev “Kitchen Debate” (1959)
Cold War ---> Tensions
<--- Technology & Affluence

46. Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace.
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace.

47. Paris, 1961
Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.

48. The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)
Checkpoint Charlie

49. President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West is with them!
Ich bin ein Berliner! (1963)
President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West is with them!

50. Khruschev Embraces Castro, 1961

51. Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)

52. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

53. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!

54. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

55. Vietnam War:

56. The Cold War Years
Quiz

57. Who controlled East Berlin?
United States
Soviet Union
Cuba
Frankenstein

58. How did America get supplies to West Berlin?
Mailed them U.P.S.
Sent them in by trains.
Flew them in by planes.
Dropped them from a parachute.

59. Who invaded South Korea and tried to take over their country?
Britain
North Korea
United States
Donald Duck

60. Who was president during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
A. Lyndon B. Johnson
B. Thomas Jefferson
C. John F. Kennedy
D. Ronald Reagan

61. Where did the Soviet Union build their missile sites?
A. Russia
B. England
C. United States
D. Cuba

62. How did the United States avoid nuclear was with the Soviets?
Set up a naval blockade around Cuba.
Threatened to bomb Russia.
Told Soviet leaders to take a hike.
Attacked Russia’s military.

63. What was the arms race? It was the way presidents are elected.
It was the build up of weapons in order to have the most power for protection.
It was the invention of the atomic bomb.
It was the way many Americans spent their free time in the 1950’s.

64. The Cold War Years
Quiz

65. Who controlled East Berlin?
United States
Soviet Union
Cuba
Frankenstein

66. How did America get supplies to West Berlin?
Mailed them U.P.S.
Sent them in by trains.
Flew them in by planes.
Dropped them from a parachute.

67. Who invaded South Korea and tried to take over their country?
Britain
North Korea
United States
Donald Duck

68. Who was president during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
A. Lyndon B. Johnson
B. Thomas Jefferson
C. John F. Kennedy
D. Ronald Reagan

69. Where did the Soviet Union build their missile sites?
A. Russia
B. England
C. United States
D. Cuba

70. How did the United States avoid nuclear war with the Soviets?
Set up a naval blockade around Cuba.
Threatened to bomb Russia.
Told Soviet leaders to take a hike.
Attacked Russia’s military.

71. What was the arms race? It was the way presidents are elected.
It was the build up of weapons in order to have the most power for protection.
It was the invention of the atomic bomb.
It was the way many Americans spent their free time in the 1950’s.