1. INTRA-NASAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
A SEMINAR ON
INTRA-NASAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
BY:
NALEEN RAJ BHANDARI
B-PHARM (2/4)
MAHESHWARA INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY

2. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ADVANTAGES FUNDAMENTAL FACTORS
MECHANISMS AND PATHWAYS
DELIVERY SYSTEMS
ENHANCEMENT IN ABSORPTION
APPLICATIONS
EXAMPLES
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
In ancient times the Indian Ayurvedic system of medicines used nasal route for administration of drug and the process is called as “Nasya”
It has been used for local effects extensively in decongestant and local activity. But, in recent times intranasal drug delivery is being considered as a preferred route of drug delivery for systemic bioavailability
Various proteins & peptides have shown a good bioavailability

4. Intranasal Drug Delivery System: Advantages
Its easy and convenient
Can be easily administered to the unconscious patients
Compared to oral medications, intranasal medication delivery results in:
Faster delivery to the blood stream and higher blood levels
No destruction by stomach acid and intestinal enzymes
No destruction by hepatic first pass metabolism
Compared to IV medications, intranasal medication delivery results in:
Comparable blood levels depending on the drug and dose.

5. Fundamental Factors Affecting Nasal Absorption
Molecular weight: Absorption of drugs decreases as the molecular weight of drug molecules increases. Mc Martin et al reported a sharp decline in drug absorption having molecular weight greater than 1000Dalton
Lipophilicity
Drug concentration: Absorption increases as concentration of drug increases. 1-tyrosine shows increased absorption at high concentration in rate..
Particle size:
Particle size microns adheres best to the nasal mucosa.

6. MECHANISMS Two mechanisms are found to be involved:
Fast rate mechanism, which is lipophilicity dependent.
Slow rate mechanism, which is dependent on molecular weight.
Ex: Nasal delivery of insulin, manitol follows a transport mechanism involving passive diffusion
While, absorption of water soluble molecules like sodium cromoglycate take place by diffussion through aqueous pores

7. Possible drug absorption pathways

8. DELIVERY SYSTEMS Various delivery systems are used like Nasal spray
Nose drops
Aerosol spray
Metered dose nebulizer
Saturated cotton pledget
The insufflators
Mucosal atomizer device (M.A.D)
Microspheres

9. ENHANCEMENT IN ABSORPTION
Use of absorption enhancers
Increase in residence time
Administration of drugs in the form of microspheres
Various enhancers used
Surfactants
Phospholipids
Chelaters
Glycols
Cyclodextrins
Capable of increasing membrane fluidity and leaching of proteins and lipids from the membrane

10. Applications of Intranasal Drug Delivery
Nasal Delivery of Organic based Pharmaceuticals
e.g.: Progesterone, Estradiol, Testosterone, Hydralzine, Propranolal, Cocain, Naloxon & Nitrogylcerine. These have shown good Bioavailability by this route.
Water-soluble organic based compounds such as Sodium cromoglycate were also found to be well absorbed.
Nasal Delivery of Peptide-Based Drugs
As peptide based drugs are susceptible to hepatogastrointestinal first pass elimination & instability, they show very low oral bioavailability thus administered through nasal route.

11. EXAMPLES SHOWING DIFFERENT DELIVERY SYSTEMS
MUCOSAL AUTOMIZATION DEVICE (M.A.D)
TRADITIONAL & KURVE’S DELIVERY

12. EXAMPLES INTRANASAL Naloxone
Accuspray from BD Medical–Pharmaceutical Systems is a single-use nasal sprayer for monodose or bidose administration 
INTRANASAL Naloxone

13. Conclusions
NDDS provides route of drug administration for drugs, which degrade due to first pass metabolism
Though it also poses many challenges such as low absorption, toxicological problems, high dose requirements etc.,, thus use of absorption enhancers is proving to be useful increasing the absorption.
Insulin is being extensively investigated for its nasal absorption, which may prove a major turnaround in diabetic’s treatment.
With ongoing efforts to improve bioavailability of protein and peptide drug through nasal route, the nasal route can become the prime route for administration of protein drugs..

14. REFERENCES Shaji J and Marathe S.W.
NASAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: OPPORTUNITIES & CHALLENGES
INDIAN DRUGS Vol. 45 No. 5
May Pg no (345 – 353)