1. “ E NGINEERING EDUCATION, INTERNATIONAL MOBILITY AND UPWARD SOCIAL MOBILITY ” Gabriel POLONIECKI

2. 1.Introduction 2.Social mix in French higher education 3.Engineering studies in France 4.Alternative ways to become an engineer in France 5.International mobility 6.Concluding remarks Overview 2

3. 1.Introduction Engineering Education for Sustainable Development and Social Inclusion Social Mobility 3

4. 2.Social mix in French higher education  Republican model, meritocracy  Public and almost free education  National final exam at the end of high school (Baccalauréat)  Public universities without selective entrance for a lot of fields  Almost free prep. Schools and competitive examination entrance for schools (Grandes Ecoles) 4

5. 5  Some figures Proportion of need-based grant holders Upper SEC  parents Lower SEC  parents All Higher Education Institutions27% Universities (without IUT)30% 22% Business Schools12%< 10% Engineering Schools23%46%10% IUT (Associate degrees)47%29%23% STS (Associate degrees)40%15%38% CPGE (Two-yrs course, competitive exam. prep.)26%49%16%  Social « lift » ? 2.Social mix situation in HE in France

6. 3.Engineering studies in France  Prestigious degree and title. Well- considered level of French engineers  National Accreditation - CTI   Independent Schools (most of them), not Faculties. Quite small size.  A few of Univ. of Technology  Very selective entrance 6

7. 7 High School CPGE1 CPGE2 5 yrs. Sch. (1 st ) 5 yrs. Sch. (2 nd ) Eng. Grad. Sch. 1 Eng. Grad. Sch. 2 Eng. Grad. Sch. 3 ENGINEER 5 yrs Sch. (3 rd ) 5 yrs Sch. (4 th ) 5 yrs Sch. (5 th ) 3.Eng. studies in France

8. 8  Schools point of view (CTI)  Excellent results, why should it change ?  Absence of upward social mobility : problem for companies and even more for the whole society  Companies & Schools Social Responsability  France needs more engineers, about 30% more per year (30k to 40k) (CDEFI) 4.Alternative ways to become an Engineer in France

9. 9  Less attractivity on STEM fields  Encouraged by National Accreditation Commission (CTI) and Government  Need to enlarge the recruitment  Also Campus benefits :  Social mix,  Education background mix,  International mix  and Gender mix open minds 4.Alternative ways

10. 10  Social mix – Upper Social Mobility  Traditional « noble pathway » : 39% of students in Eng Schools  But just a few students from lower SEC, why ? CPGE + Eng. Grad. Schools

11. 11  CPGE characteristics :  Excellence in basic sciences  Hard work  Competitive  Absence of degree  Uncertainty of the competitive examination  Students characteristics & perceptions :  Most lower SEC students in technological paths  Intermediate degrees required  Less self-confidence  Glass ceiling effect 4.Alternative ways

12. 12 Some propositions :  Promote engineering studies in high schools  Alternative pedagogical methods (apprenticeship, etc..)  Enlarge recruitment in CPGE  Create more CPGE, Quota system,  Improve links between high schools in lower SEC quarters and CPGE  Enlarge recruitment outside CPGE  Sciences students at universities  International students  Graduates from post-secondary vocational education 4.Alternative ways

13. Post-secondary Vocational Education : IUT & STS 13  Vocational 2 yrs studies, internships  Deliver « Associate degrees »  High proportion of need-based grant holders and students belonging to lower SEC IUT1 IUT2 Labor market STS1 STS2 Universities High Schools

14. 14  Vocational 2 yrs studies, internships  Deliver « Associate degrees »  High proportion of need-based grant holders and students belonging to lower SEC Bachelor’s degree IUT1 IUT2 Eng. and Bus. School, Master’s deg. Labor market STS1 STS2 Universities High Schools Post-secondary Vocational Education : IUT & STS

15. 15 High School CPGE1 CPGE2 IUT1 IUT2 STS1 STS2 5 yrs. Sch. (1 st ) 5 yrs. Sch. (2 nd ) L1 L2 Eng. Grad. Sch. 1 Eng. Grad. Sch. 2 Eng. Grad. Sch. 3 ENGINEER 5 yrs Sch. (3 rd ) 5 yrs Sch. (4 th ) 5 yrs Sch. (5 th ) 14% 39% 27% 4.Alternative ways

16. 16 Comments The trend is to continue and to increase the social mix in Engineering Schools. Other propositions are being tested and one of them is particularly encouraged : Apprenticeship pedagogy : Students are hired by companies where they work about half of the time during engineering studies. They get a salary, and their degree/title is exactly equivalent. 4.Alternative ways

17. 5.International Mobility  Internationalisation of HE  Several definitions, approaches and indicators :  Research Collaboration, Research Networks  Foreign language teaching and teaching in foreign languages  Faculty, Staff and Students exchange  International placements opportunities  International faculty and students recruitment  TNE (Transnational Education), Offshoring  And more.. 17

18.  A lot of « good » reasons for internationalising HEI  Complex process : each country, region and HEI should choose priorities  Hundreds of papers could be found about it 18 5.International Mobility

19.  Internationalisation of engineering education  Common with other fields emphasizing in :  Research Collaboration, Research Networks  International placements opportunities  Faculty, Staff and Students exchange  Foreign language teaching and teaching in foreign languages  Employability and/or Research oriented 19

20. 5.International Mobility 20  Europe :  UE initial purposes :  Erasmus European dimension in education Quality improvement Cooperation between institutions Mobility encouragement No social mix purposes No employability improvement purposes  Leonardo da Vinci Improvement of skills (vocational training) Promote innovation

21. 21  Real Benefits for students :  Foreign Language Proficiency  Intercultural understanding & competences  Knowledge of other countries  Academic knowledge  Skills improvement  Employability improvement  Self-confidence 5.International Mobility

22. 22  Influence on Upward Social Mobility  Studies confirm that, for a same level of studies, academic results are almost independent from social origins (Courtiaux,2011)  But employability still depends on social origins (less for engineers) (CEREQ,2010)  Reasons : Cultural background, discrimination, foreign language proficiency, less self- confidence, personal network, etc.. 5.International Mobility

23.  French figures (BNEI)  34% of students in International Mobility during studies in French Engineering schools (2009)  Increasing & becoming compulsory 23 International Mobility Internships62% Exchange (without dual-degrees)25% Dual degrees13%

24. 24  Financing Mobility  Studies mobility :  Erasmus, Local government scholarships, HE Networks  Internships international mobility :  Erasmus, Local government scholarships, HE Networks, Companies 5.International Mobility

25. 6.Concluding remarks  A not new problematic situation was pointed out. It is not usually considered, but it reflects a kind of social state of a society.  Although it was not created on purpose to solve this problem, an interesting on-going experience was introduced.  International mobility also could help to go further in the same direction.  Only HE was considered  Several actions could be implemented, but there is still a long way to go. 25

26. Thanks for your attention 26 gabriel.poloniecki@gmail.com

27. 5.International Mobility 27  Other networks :  Engineering schools :  TIME, RMEI, FEEIAT, CESAER, CLUSTER, ECIU, ENTREE They let to improve collaborations between HEI, for Education and Research purposes, and also students and staff mobility.

28. 5 years Engineering School 28 5 yrs. Sch. (1 st ) 5 yrs. Sch. (2 nd ) 5 yrs Sch. (3 rd ) 5 yrs Sch. (4 th ) 5 yrs Sch. (5 th )  Students admited just after high school  No competitive examination

29. Bachelor’s degree 21-23% IUT 29 IUT(1 st ) IUT(2 nd )  University hosted Vocational school  Deliver « Associate degrees » Eng. and Bus. School, Master’s deg. 50-55% Labor market 16-20%

30. STS 30 STS(1 st ) STS(2 nd )  High School hosted Vocational school  Deliver « Associate degrees » Labor market 62% Eng. and Bus. School, Master’s deg. 5% Bachelor’s degree 20%

31. Universities – Bachelor’s degree 31 Bachelor(1 st ) Bachelor(2 nd )  Bachelor’s degree (three yrs)  Deliver Bachelor’s, Master’s & PhD Eng. and Bus. School, Master’s deg. Bachelor’s degree

32. CPGE* 32 CPGE(1 st ) CPGE(2 nd )  2 yrs studies, high level in Basic Sciences  No degree delivered Eng. and Bus. School 75% Bachelor’s degree 25% Competitive Examination *Classes Préparatoires aux Grandes Ecoles

33. 33 5 yrs schools (admission in 1st year of HE) 3 yrs schools (admission in 3rd year of HE) Eng. SchoolCPGEBTS/IUT Status Public (  free) Private (fees) Public (  free) Private (fees) Public (  free) Private (fees) AdmissionPrevious marks DegreeNo degree Associate Degree Admission in schools (3rd yr) Previous marks Competitive examinations Previous marks & Interview Proportion in schools 27%  39%  14% 

34. 5.International Mobility 34  Other networks :  Engineering schools :  TIME (Top Industrial Managers for Europe)  RMEI (Réseau Méditerranéen des Ecoles d'Ingénieurs)  FEEIAT (Fédération Européenne des Ecoles d’Ingénieurs de l’Automobile et des Transports)  CESAEER (Conference of European Schools for Advanced Engineering Education and Research)  CLUSTER (Consortium Linking Universities of Science and Technology for Education and Research)  ECIU  ENTREE