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OLD KINGDOM Time: 2650 BC – 2150 BC# of dynasties 4 Accomplishments:Pyramid building Strong Central Government Strong Economy Stronger Arts
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1 st ILLNESS Time:2150 BC – 2040 BC# of dynasties: 4 Reasons for collapse of Old Kingdom: 1)Collapse of central government and increase of independent provinces after reign of Pepi II (90’s) Normarchs looked to have gained power as Pepi aged and he could not prevent their rise, so they challenged central power 2)Climate Changes resulting in a decrease of the Nile's flooding, this had a huge impact on society central government was unable to deal with the results of this change – power of pharaoh Nomarchs /other local rulers came up with a solutions to best irrigate their own territory
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Time: 2040 BC – 1640 BC# of dynasties: 3 Accomplishments:Pharaohs power -weakened nomarchs Nile flooded better Re-United Egypt -Mentuhotep II (2 nd founder) Building Campaign Stronger Economy Commoners had afterlife MIDDLE KINGDOM
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Time:1640 BC – 1550 BC# of dynasties: 4 Reasons for fall of Middle Kingdom: 1)Division and Weakening of Egypt Lower Egypt (Nile Delta area) governed by “foreign born” leaders 2)Invasion by Hyksos allowed Pharaohs to continue ruling – more concerned with “Tribute” a)bronzeb)war from chariots c)better bow/arrowd) Nationalism e)new spinning/weaving 2 nd ILLNESS These helped Egypt “modernize”
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Time: 1550 BC – 1070 BC# of dynasties: 12 Accomplishments:1)King Ahmose kicked Hyksos out of Egypt 2)Re-United Egypt 3)Very militaristic 4)Empire building 5)Extreme wealth/prosperity 6)Massive building campaign NEW KINGDOM
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Thutmose I -- 1520 BC – 1492 BC expanded Egyptian borders ”Hammer of the Nubians” -hung the Nubian king from prow of his ship 1 st to have tomb in “Valley of the Kings” Queen Hatshepsut – 1518 BC – 1484 BC possibly 1 st Female pharaoh dressed like a man – wore beard increased trade/economy avoided war tremendous building program NEW KINGDOM PHARAOHS
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Thutmose III – 1479 BC – 1425 BC ”Napoleon of Egypt” Egyptian Empire reached its largest pierced ears Akhenaton – 1352 BC – 1334 BC ”Heretic King” – changed religion to monotheism -Aton was only god looked like a female everything associated with Akhenaton was destroyed after his death NEW KINGDOM PHARAOHS
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Tutankamen (King Tut) – 1333 BC – 1325 BC ”Boy King” (age 9) Re-Established polytheism 1922 – Howard Carter found his tomb ”Curse of King Tut” NEW KINGDOM PHARAOHS
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“King Tut” Solid Gold 2500 lbs $13 million
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Ramses II (“the Great) – 1279 BC – 1213 BC ruled 67 years 150 - 160 children tremendous builder (Abu Simbel) consumed with his “legacy” (Master of Political Spin) -Battle of Kadesh (political spin) >v. Hittites (iron / 3 man chariots) >Official version – TIE >Ramses version – RAMSES WON -had monuments built inscribed with him winning -no contrary sources after death, gradual fall of Egyptian control overextended, revolts, immorality/corruption NEW KINGDOM PHARAOHS
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EGYPTIAN ACHIEVEMENTS Medicine – Mummification Irrigation Calendar Astrology – est. a form of “Poor Man’s Almanac” Pyramids - +100 still exist (Mathematics) Hieroglyphics (wrote on Papyrus)
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Champollion & the Rosetta Stone
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Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols
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Egyptian Math 110100100010,000100,0001,000,000 What number is this?
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LIFE EXPECTANCY >age 30 >Living past 40 was rewarded by gov’t MARRIAGE >similar to our concept of marriage >kids w/in 1 st year (IMR = 60-70%) >children seen as a blessing if lived past 1 yr EDUCATION >boys from wealthy families from ages 12-16 >poor families followed job of dad >girls focused on home/family BEAUTY >loved the body >facial hair = unclean >”perfume cones” FOOD >fish, beer, bread, honey, peas, beans, onions, lettuce/cabbage, turnips, figs, grapes >little/to no beef – geography made it difficult
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