1. C HAPTER 11 G AS L AWS Pages 361-391

2. 7 Stamps 7 warm ups!

3. B ACKGROUND I NFORMATION Air is composed of several kinds of colorless gases. Some gases have color. Chlorine (Cl 2 ): yellow green Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ): brownish-red Any 1 mole of a gas occupies a volume of 22.4 L.

4. K INETIC M OLECULAR T HEORY OF G ASES Ideal Gas: A hypothetical gas that perfectly fits all assumptions of the kinetic-molecular model. Real gas: A gas that does not behave according to the assumptions of the kinetic- molecular theory.

5. K INETIC M OLECULAR T HEORY OF G ASES 1. Gas Consists of large numbers of tiny particles that are far apart relative to their size. 2. Collisions between gases are always elastic. An elastic collision is one where there is no net loss of total kinetic energy. 3. Gas particles are in continuous, rapid, random motion. 4. There are no forces of attraction between gas particles. 5. The temperature of a gas depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles.

6. G ASES AND P RESSURE Pressure: Force per unit area on a surface Equation= FORCE AREA  Pressure= area   Pressure= area 

7. G ASES AND P RESSURE

8. Different units for measuring pressure: (need to memorize!) 1 atm 760 mmHg 101.3 kPa 101300 Pa 760 torr 14.7 lb/in 2

9. C ONVERTING PRESSURE 745mmHg=_________________Kpa 16.5atm=__________________lb/in 2 11.3 lb/in 2 =_________________Kpa 100.7Kpa=__________________atm

10. Barometer: Instrument used to measure pressure.

11. T EMPERATURE C ONVERSIONS Temperature: Kelvin system: K= ° C+273 -16°C=__________K 8.7°C=___________K 212K=__________°C 0K=_____________°C

12. Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP): Temperature: 273 K Pressure: 1 atm 760 mmHg 101.3 kPa 101300 Pa 760 torr 14.7 lb/in 2

13. D ALTON ’ S L AW OF P ARTIAL P RESSURE The sum of the partial pressures of all the components in a gas mixture is equal to the total pressure of a gas mixture. Equation: P 1 + P 2 + P 3 + ……. = P Total

14. D ALTON ’ S L AW OF P ARTIAL P RESSURE E XAMPLES A person using an oxygen mask is breathing air with 33% oxygen. What is the partial pressure of oxygen with the air pressure in the mask is 110Kpa?

15. D ALTON ’ S L AW OF P ARTIAL P RESSURE E XAMPLES What is the atmospheric pressure if the partial pressure of nitrogen, oxygen and argon are 604.5mmHg, 162.8mHg, and 0.5mmHg, respectively?

16. D ALTON ’ S L AW OF P ARTIAL P RESSURE E XAMPLES Oxygen gas from the decomposition of potassium chlorate was collected by water displacement. The barometric pressure and the temperature during the experiment were 731.0 torr and 20.0C. What was the partial pressure of the oxygen collected? (Hint: Use Table A-8 in your text!)

17. P RESSURE AND V OLUME : B OYLE ’ S L AW The volume of a gas is indirectly proportional to the Pressure (@ S.T) Equation: P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 Visually:

19. P RESSURE AND V OLUME : B OYLE ’ S L AW E XAMPLES A gas has an initial volume of 242cm 3 at a pressure of 87.6Kpa, what is the volume if the pressure changes to standard pressure?

20. P RESSURE AND V OLUME : B OYLE ’ S L AW E XAMPLES A gas at a pressure of 608mmHg is held in a container with a volume of 545cm 3. The volume of the container is then increased to 1065cm 3 without a change in temperature. Calculate the new pressure of the gas

21. V OLUME AND T EMPERATURE : C HARLES ’ L AW The volume of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature (@ S.P). Equation: V 1 = V 2 T 1 T 2 Visually:

22. V OLUME AND T EMPERATURE : C HARLES ’ L AW

23. Animations http://www.marymount.k12.ny.us/marynet/06stw bwrk/06gas/1esepcharles/esepcharles.html http://www.marymount.k12.ny.us/marynet/06stw bwrk/06gas/2slyscharles/2slysflash.html

24. V OLUME AND T EMPERATURE : C HARLES ’ L AW - E XAMPLES If 20.0L of Oxygen gas are cooled from 100C to 0C. what is the new volume?

25. V OLUME AND T EMPERATURE : C HARLES ’ L AW - E XAMPLES A gas can be used as a thermometer. IF it is known that the sample of gas has a volume of 1.00L at 255K, what is the temperature if the volume of the same gas sample is changed to 0.45L

26. P RESSURE AND T EMPERATURE : G AY - L USSAC ’ S L AW The pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature (@ constant volume). Equation:

27. P RESSURE AND T EMPERATURE : G AY - L USSAC ’ S L AW - E XAMPLES The gas in a container is at a pressure of 3.00 atm at 25ºC. Directions on the container warn the used not to keep it in a place where the temperature exceeds 52ºC. What would the gas pressure in the container be at a 52ºC?

28. P RESSURE AND T EMPERATURE : G AY - L USSAC ’ S L AW - E XAMPLES At 120.0ºC the pressure of a sample of nitrogen is 1.07 atm. What will the pressure be at 205ºC, assuming constant volume?

29. C OMBINED GAS L AW Incorporates both Boyle’s and Charles’ laws. It relates pressure, volume and temperature. Equation: P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 T 1 T 2

30. C OMBINED GAS L AW E XAMPLES A gas has a volume of 10.0cm 3 measured at 75.6Kpa and 60.0C, what is the new volume if conditions change to STP?

31. C OMBINED GAS L AW E XAMPLES A gas that had a volume of 955cm 3 measured at 58C and 108.0Kpa, what will be the new volume if the conditions change to 76.0C and 123.0Kpa?

32. G AY -L USSAC ’ S LAW OF COMBINING VOLUMES OF GASES at constant _______________ and _________________, the _______________ of gaseous reactants and producs can be expressed as _____________ of _________________ _____________ ________________. Animation http://www.marymount.k12.ny.us/marynet/06stw bwrk/06gas/1amcslussac/amcsgaylussac.html

33. V OLUME AND M OLES : A VAGADRO ’ S L AW The volume of a gas is _____________proportional to the number of moles of that gas (@ S.T). Equation: An anmimation: http://www.marymount.k12.ny.us/marynet/06stw bwrk/06gas/2lpimavogdro/2lpimavogadro.html http://www.marymount.k12.ny.us/marynet/06stw bwrk/06gas/2lpimavogdro/2lpimavogadro.html

34. V OLUME AND M OLES : A VAGADRO ’ S L AW E XAMPLES Suppose we have a 12.2 L sample containing 0.50 moles of oxygen gas at a pressure of 1 atm and a temperature of 25 C. If all of this oxygen is converted to ozone, O3, at the same temperature and pressure, what will be the volume of ozone formed?

35. V OLUME AND M OLES : A VAGADRO ’ S L AW E XAMPLES Consider two samples of nitrogen gas. Sample one contains 1.5 moles of nitrogen and has a volume of 36.7 L at 25 C and 1 atm. Sample 2 has a volume of 16.5 L at 25 C and 1 atm. Calculate the number of moles of nitrogen in sample 2.

36. G AS S TOICHIOMETRY : Standard molar volume of a gas: The volume occupied by ____________ ___________ of a gas at STP has been found to equal ______________________. Example: What volume does 0.0685 mol of gas occupy at STP?

37. G AS S TOICHIOMETRY : E XAMPLE Propane, C 3 H 8, is a gas that is sometimes used as a fuel for cooking and heating. It undergoes a combustion reaction. What will be the volume of oxygen required for the complete combustion of 0.350L of propane?

38. T HE I DEAL G AS L AW PV=nRT Where P = V= n= R= T=

39. T HE I DEAL G AS L AW E XAMPLES What pressure will be exerted by.622 mol of a gas contained in 9.22L at 16C. Find pressure in Kpa.

40. T HE I DEAL G AS L AW E XAMPLES How many moles of a gas will occupy a 486cm 3 flask at 10.C and 66.7 Kpa?

41. T HE I DEAL G AS L AW E XAMPLES What volume will be occupied by.684mol of gas at 99.4Kpa and 9C?

42. D IFFUSION AND E FFUSION Diffusion: Effusion: Animation: http://www.marymount.k12.ny.us/marynet/06stw bwrk/06gas/2hdkrdiffusion/2hdkrdiffusion.html

43. D IFFUSION AND E FFUSION Graham’s Law: Rates of _________________ of gases at the same _____________ and ______________ are inversely proportional to the _______________ ____________ of their ________________ ________________.

44. D IFFUSION AND E FFUSION E XAMPLES Compare the rates of effusion of hydrogen and oxygen at the same temperature and pressure.

45. D IFFUSION AND E FFUSION E XAMPLES Compare the rate of effusion of carbon dioxide with that of hydrogen chloride at the same temperature and pressure.

46. Animation Summary: http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentia lchemistry/flash/gasesv6.swf Web Quest http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalService s/webquest/blimp.htm