1. Lecture Telecooperation D. Fensel Leopold-Franzens- Universität Innsbruck

2. First Lecture: Introduction: Semantic Web & Ontology First Lecture: Introduction: Semantic Web & Ontology

3. Introduction Semantic Web and Ontology Part I Introduction into the subject

4. Ontology

5. Ontology... Long history coming from Philosophy - Aristoteles –“The metaphysical study of the nature of being and existence” Pick up by the Artificial Intelligence –“ a shared and common understanding of some domain that can be communicated between people and application systems ” - Gruber

6. What is Ontology…... an ontology is a formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualization - Gruber –‘Conceptualization’ refers to an abstract model of phenomena in the world by having identified the relevant concepts of those phenomena. – ‘Explicit’ means that the type of concepts used, and the constraints on their use are explicitly defined. –‘Formal’ refers to the fact that the ontology should be machine readable. –‘Shared’ reflects that ontology should capture consensual knowledge accepted by the communities

7. Main components of an Ontology Five kinds of components: –classes: concepts of the domain or tasks, which are usually organized in taxonomies in univ-ontology: student and professor are two classes –relations: a type of interaction between concepts of the domain such as: subclass-of, is-a

8. Main components of an Ontology (Cont.) Five kinds of components: –functions: a special case of relations in which the n-the element of the relationship is unique for the n-1 preceding elements Such as: Price-of-a-used-car can define the calculation of the price of the second-hand car on the car-model, manufacturing data and kilometres –axioms model sentences that are always true such as: if the student attends both A and B course, then he or she must be a second year student –instances to represent specific elements such as: Student called Peter is the instance of Student class

9. Kinds of ontologies Knowledge Representation ontologies –capture the representation primitives used to formalize knowledge in KR paradigm –such as: Frame-Ontology General/Common ontologies –vocabulary related to things, events, time, space, etc. –such as: meter and inch exchange table Meta-ontologies –reusable across domains –such as: mereology ontology (Borst, 97)

10. Kinds of ontologies Domain ontologies –vocabularies about the concepts in a domain –such as: the theory or elementary principles governing the domain Task ontologies –a systematic vocabulary of the terms used to solve problems associated with tasks that may or may not from the same domain –such as: scheduling task ontology Domain-task ontology –task ontology reusable in a given domain –such as: scheduling task ontology for flight schedule Application ontology –necessary knowledge for modeling a particular domain –such as: ????

11. Ontology Applications Knowledge Management Enterprise Application Integration e-Commerce More goes to next Lecture

12. URI, HTML, HTTP Static WWW 500 million user more than 3 billion pages Current Web

13. The vision The World Wide Web is a big and impressive success story, both in terms –of the amount of available information and –the growth rate of human users It starts to penetrate most areas of our daily life and business. This success is based on its simplicity the restrictivenss of HTTP and HTML allowed software developers, information providers and users to make easy access of the new media helping it to reach a critical mass

14. The Vision However this simplicity may hamper the further development of the Web What we see currently is the very first version of the web and the next version will probably even more bigger and much powerful compared to what we have now.

15. URI, HTML, HTTP Static WWW Serious Problems in information finding extracting representing interpreting and maintaining RDF, RDF(S), OWL Semantic Web

16. Semantic Web Technology Tim Berners-Lee has a vision of a Semantic Web which –has machine-understandable semantics of information, and –millions of small specialized reasoning services that provide support in automated task achievement based on the accessible information

17. The Semantic Web The semantic Web is essentially based on ontologies formal consensual –ontologies are formal and consensual specifications of conceptualizations… shared and common –providing a shared and common understanding of a domain that can be communicated across people and application systems

18. Semantic Web Technology Ontologies glue together two essential aspects that help to bring the web to its full potential: –ontology define a formal semantics for information allowing information processing by a computer –ontologies define a real-world semantics allowing to link machine processable content with meaning for humans based on consensual terminology

19. Semantic Web - Language tower

20. XML Tags define the semantics of the data Dieter Fensel XML provides arbitrary tress (graphs) as data structures Dieter Fensel 6084751 XML allows the definition of application- specific tags http://www.w3.org/XML/

21. XML Schema DTDs allow to define a grammar and meaningful tag for documents XML schema provides similar service and add: –XML schemas definition are itself XML documents –XML schemas provide a rich set of datatypes that can be used to define the values of elementary tags –XML schemas provide much richer means for defining nested tags (such as tags with subtags) –XML schemas provide the namespace mechanism to combine XML documents with heterogeneous vocabulary

22. RDF XML provides semantic information as a by-product of defining the structure of the document XML prescribes a tree structure for documents and the different leaves of the tree have a well-defined tag and context the information can be understood with. That is, structure and semantics of documents are interwoven

23. RDF The Resource Decription Framework RDF provides a means for adding semantics to a document without making any assumptions about the structure of the document and it provides pre-defined modeling primitives for expressing semantics of data

24. RDF Schema RDFs provides a simple and basic modeling language for ontologies –concepts –properties –is-a hierarchy and –simple domain and range restrictions be expressed in RDFs Advanced ontology modeling need more, however, can be realized as a layer on top of RDFs

25. OIL OIL adds a simple Description Logic to RDF Schema It allows to define axioms that logically describe classes, properties and their hierarchies OIL enables to define necessary and sufficient conditions that define class membership of instances

26. OIL –Developed in the Ontoknowledge project www.ontoknowledge.org –Core language contains consensus primitives, extensions add aditional expresiveness –Layered architecture: Applications are not forced to work with a language more complex and expresive than required Applications that can only process a low level of complexity are able to catch the aspects of the ontology Applications aware of higher level of complexity can still understand a simpler ontology language

27. OIL Description Logic: Formal Semantics & Reasoning support Description Logic: Formal Semantics & Reasoning support Web languages: XML- and RDF-based syntax Web languages: XML- and RDF-based syntax Frame-based systems: Epistemological Modeling Primitives Frame-based systems: Epistemological Modeling Primitives

28. DAML+OIL –Semantic markup language –Joint efford of the American and European communities –DAML+OIL = DAM-ONT + OIL –Designed to describe the structure of a domain in terms of classes and objects –Supports full range of datatypes in XML

29. OWL –Under development of W3C Web Ontology Working Group –DAML+OIL based –Offers: More accurate web searches Intelligent agents Knowledge management –Abstract syntax that provides: Higher level way of writing ontologies Clear statement of semantics Compound axioms resembling frames OWL-lite –OWL sublanguage –OWL-lite = RDFs + 0/1 cardinality –Suites well to express light weight ontologies –Limited expresiveness power Some fields require a full-fledged semantic web modeling language

30. Static Dynamic Bringing the computer back as a device for computation URI, HTML, HTTPRDF, RDF(S), OWL WWW Semantic Web UDDI, WSDL, SOAP Web Services Web Service

31. Web Services “Web services are a new breed of Web application. They are self-contained, self-describing, modular applications that can be published, located, and invoked across the Web. Web services perform functions, which can be anything from simple requests to complicated business processes. … Once a Web service is deployed, other applications (and other Web services) can discover and invoke the deployed service.” IBM web service tutorial

32. Web Services Web Services connect computers and devices with each other using the Internet to exchange data and combine data in new ways. The key to Web Services is on-the-fly software creation through the use of loosely coupled, reusable software components. Software can be delivered and paid for as fluid streams of services as opposed to packaged products.

33. Web Services UDDI provides a mechanism for clients to find web services. A UDDI registry is similar to a CORBA trader, or it can be thought of as a DNS service for business applications. WSDL defines services as collections of network endpoints or ports. A port is defined by associating a network address with a binding; a collection of ports define a service. SOAP is a message layout specification that defines a uniform way of passing XML-encoded data. In also defines a way to bind to HTTP as the underlying communication protocol. SOAP is basically a technology to allow for “RPC over the web”.

34. Bringing the web to its full potential Static Dynamic UDDI, WSDL, SOAP Web Services URI, HTML, HTTPRDF, RDF(S), OWL WWW Semantic Web Intelligent Web Services Semantic Web Service

35. Semantic Web Services "Semantic differences, remain the primary roadblock to smooth application integration, one which Web Services alone won't overcome. Until someone finds a way for applications to understand each other, the effect of Web services technology will be fairly limited. When I pass customer data across [the Web] in a certain format using a Web Services interface, the receiving program has to know what that format is. You have to agree on what the business objects look like. And no one has come up with a feasible way to work that out yet -- not Oracle, and not its competitors..." --- Oracle Chairman and CEO Larry Ellison

36. Semantic Web Services UDDI, WSDL, and SOAP are important steps into the direction of a web populated by services. However, they only address part of the overall stack that needs to be available in order to achieve the above vision eventually. There are many layer requires to achieve automatic web service discovery, selection, mediation and composition into complex services.

37. Semantic Web Services Semantic Web Services combine Semantic Web and Web Service Technology. Automatization of Web Service Discovery, Combination, and Invocation makes the technology scalable. This combination is a pre-requisite to make web service technology scalable and mature. This technology is a pre-requisite to enable fully open, flexible, and dynamic eWork and eCommerce a reality.

38. Semantic Web Services Mechanized support is needed in finding and comparing vendors and their offers. Machine processable semantics of information allows to mechanize these tasks. Mechanized support is needed in dealing with numerous and heterogeneous data formats. Ontology technology is required to define such standards better and to map between them. Mechanized support is needed in dealing with numerous and heterogeneous business logics. Mediation is needed to compensate these differences, allowing partners to cooperate properly.

39. Short Summary The semantic web is based on machine- processable semantics of data. Its backbone technology are Ontologies. It is based on new web languages such as XML, RDF, and OWL, and tools that make use of these languages.

40. Ontologies are key enabling technology for the semantic web. They interweave human understanding of symbols with their machine processability. In a nutshell, Ontologies are formal and consensual specifications of conceptualizations that provide a shared and common understanding of a domain Short Summary

41. Introduction Semantic Web and Ontology Part II Lecture + Tutorial + Seminar

42. Lecture

43. When & Where When - Wann: –Every Thursday, from 9:15am - 10:45am Where - Wo: –HS A Who - Wer: –Univ. Prof. Dr. Dieter Fensel Notices: –Teaching Language: German and English

44. Lecture Schedule L1 : Introduction (Semantic Web and Ontologies) L2 : Applications: KM, EAI, and eCommerce L3 : Information Retrieval & Information Extraction L4 : Logic (Propositional Logic and First-order logic) L5: Logic (First-order Logic and extensions) L6: XML and XML Schema L7 : RDF and RDF Schema L8 : Description Logic

45. Lecture Schedule L9: Frame Logic L10: OWL and XML/RDF relationship L11: Ontobroker L12: Ontoknowledge L13: Dynamic Logic & Transaction Logic L14: UDDI, SOAP and WSDL L15: BPEL4WS and WSMF L16: Exam feedback etc.

46. Attention! Exam –Written exam (the end of the semester) –offer 3 exams for different time - the flexibility to choose based on your own time schedule –Make-up exam: if you fail the exam, the coming exam is also the make-up exam for you Final Mark = Written Exam (90%) + assignment (10%)

47. It is up to you…... Good side: –You have your freedom for attending the lecture Bad side: –You must show up in the exam and the tutorials

48. Tutorial

49. When & Where When - Wann: –Every Friday 8:15 - 9:45 10.15 - 11.45 –you will be divided into several groups Where - Wo: –Has to be decided (please contact Silvia Arnold Notices: –Teaching Language: English and German

50. Tutorial Schedule Follow the topic of the each week Lecture (look at the schedule of the Lecture Exercise yourself with the knowledge learned during the same week Lecture

51. Tutors Tutor only speaks English: Dr. Ying Ding Juan Miguel Gomez Sinuhe Arroyo Rubén Lara Tutor speaks both German and English David Berka

52. Attention! Exam –no written exam:-) But …… –attendance (everyone must attend the tutorials. In total you cannot miss more than 2 tutorials per semester) –performance in the tutorial –reports Final Mark = attendance + performance + reports

53. Seminar

54. When & Where When - Wann: –Every Thursday, from 2:15am - 3:45am Where - Wo: –To be decided Notices: –Teaching Language: English and German

55. Seminar Topics Topic provided by each member of Next Generation Web The main focuses are: –Ontology –Semantic Web –Web Services –Information Retrieval and Information Extraction –Applications

56. Attention! Exam –no written exam:-) But …… –attendance (everyone must attend the tutorials. In total you cannot miss more than 2 tutorials per semester) –performance in the tutorial –reports Final Mark = attendance + performance + reports

57. It is up to you…... Good side: –You have your freedom for attending the lecture Bad side: –You must show up in the exam and the tutorials

58. The main Homework Semantic Web Project goes through the whole semester

59. Project Rules and Guidelines

60. Project No project done => no tutorial points The tutorial credits based on the followings (total 10 points) –project plan & preparation - presentation: 10% –mid-term project report: 20% –final project report: 20% –final project presentation: 30% –self evaluation report: 10% –Other presentations in the tutorials: 10%

61. Requirements for your project Topics –Try to use the Semantic Web Technology to solve your specific problem Team work –form the project team (no more than 5 students) –collaboration, distribution –Team work

62. Project Schedule Phase 1 –find the topic and form the team –project plan & preparation - presentation - week 3 (March 28 - week 4 Tutorial) Phase 2 –find the methodology to solve the problem –mid-term project report (Deadline: May 11 - week 10) Phase 3 –final presentation (June 13 -June 27, week 13-14 Tutorial) –final project report (July 5 - week 15) –self evaluation report (July 5 - week 15)

63. Contact Person Silvia Arnold Institut für Informatik Technikertraße 13 A - 6020 Innsbruck Email: Silvia.Arnold@uibk.ac.at Tel.: +43-(0)512-507-6488 Fax: +43-(0)512-507-9872 Mobile: +43-(0)664-8125233

64. Project Requirement Send email with who are the project members, project name, and its topic to Silvia Arnold (no later than March 26, 2003) How you organize yourselves and your work is fully your own responsibility Submit your report to Silvia on time

65. Project Plan Presentation Around 5 PowerPoint slides Present in the tutorial –what is the problem –why is it interesting –how do you tackle it –highlights of your project approach and plan –project management

66. Mid-term report Content should include the following point –project topic (what is the problem and why it is interesting) –literature survey –potential solutions –plan for the next half-term –project management

67. Final project presentation 10 minutes to show your project work 10 minutes for question & answer (prepare to defense yourself)

68. Final Project Report Content should include the following points: –introduction: - what is the topic and why it is interesting –literature survey –methodology –result or evaluation –discussion –future work –project management

69. Self-Evaluation Report Content should include the following points: –what is your role in the project –what do you learn from this project work –how can you improve –your opinion on the lecture, tutorial and this project

70. Main focus for first 2-weeks Form your team and find the topic For any help, please contact our contact person - Silvia Arnold

71. Readings for Lect 1 Ontoweb deliverables –www.ontoweb.org W3C documents on XML, XMLs, RDF, RDFs, OWL More readings, please visit lecture website

72. Tomorrow Tutorial No tutorial

73. Lect 1- Homework Creating your own University Ontology helpful readings and tools –download and play with Protégé –Ontology Development 101: A Guide to Creating Your First Ontology –Ontoweb deliverable 1.1 Tutorial - Week 2 will give you more detailed method. You will present your own work during Tutorial - Week 3