1. 49 The Eye: I. Optics of Vision
Dr. A.R. Jamshidi Fard
2011

2. Visual System

3. Visual
Pathway

5. EYEBALL 3 Tunics 3 Chambers Tunica Fibrosa: cornea, sclera
Tunica Vasculosa:
choroid, ciliary body, iris
Tunica Nervosa:
retina
3 Chambers
Anterior Chamber
Posterior Chamber
Vitreous Body

6. Light Refraction

7. Refraction of Light

8. Emmetropia بينايى طبيعى

9. Optics of the Eye

10. Ametropia نقص انکسارى بينايى
Refractive error
Ametropia نقص انکسارى بينايى
Near sightedness (Myopia)
Farsightedness (Hyperopia)
Astigmatism
Presbyopia

11. Presbyopia پيرچشمى Physiologic loss of accommodation in advancing age
around 45 years of age , accommodation become less than 3 D
-->reading is possible at cm
difficult reading of fine print
Headache
Visual fatigue

12. Anisometropia ناهمسانى انکسارى چشمها
Difference in refractive power
between 2 eyes

13. Nearsighted or Farsighted

14. Correction of Myopia and Hyperopia by Use of Lenses
Errors of Refraction
(Normal Vision)
(Farsightedness)
(Nearsightedness)
Correction of Myopia and Hyperopia by Use of Lenses

16. Astigmatism

17. Visual Acuity

18. Visual Acuity Test

19. Cataracts With age, lens becomes hard and opaque Diabetes mellitus
Heavy smoking
Vision becomes
hazy and distorted,
will lead to blindness
Surgical removal
or glasses

20. Glocoma

23. Ophthalmoscope