1. Pima Master Gardeners Monthly Volunteer Meeting Phenology and the Master Gardeners LoriAnne Barnett Education Coordinator, USA-NPN

2. Introduction to Phenology What is Phenology?

3. Introduction to Phenology What is Phenology? http://climatewisconsin.org/story/phenology

4. Phenology Observation Program Overview Introduction to Phenology Why do we care? USA National Phenology Network Phenology and Pima Extension Participate!

5. Introduction to Phenology What is phenology? Nature’s calendar The science of the seasons Blooms and buds Hibernation, migration, emergence Easy to observe Why does it matter? Growth rate and range Animal – plant – climate relationships Management strategies Health implications Agricultural uses

6. Introduction to Phenology Who observes phenology? Scientists Gardeners Agriculturists Land managers Youth Famous historical figures Stink bug trap crops (right) adjacent to soybean in October in north Florida Photo courtesy of: Northern Florida Research and Education Center, Mizell, R. F.

7. Phenology, in short, is a “horizontal science” which transects all ordinary biological professions. Whoever sees the land as a whole is likely to have an interest in it. –A. Leopold

8. Introduction to Phenology Discussion: What seasonal changes have you noticed in the last 12 months that are different than you remember from years’ past? Have you ever kept a nature journal or calendar? Do you wish you had? How would it be useful to you today? How does phenology directly relate to your life? Our lives on this planet?

9. Introduction to Phenology History and Phenology: Traditions and Culture Beaubien, E.G. 1991. Phenology of Vascular Plant Flowering in Edmonton and across Alberta. MS thesis, University of Alberta. Fisherman on the east coast of Canada would not fish for shad (Alosa sapisissima) until after the shadbush (Amelanchier spp.) flowered. The Nuu-Chah-Nulth tribe of Vancouver Island used the ripening of salmonberries (Rubus spectabilis) to predict the return of adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) to freshwater. Bouchard & Kennedy, 1990. Clayoquot Sound Indian Land Use. Report prepared for MacMillan Bloedel Ltd. Peacock, S. L. 1992 Piikani Ethnobotany: Traditional Plant Knowledge of the Piikani Peoples of the Northwest Plains. MS thesis, University of Calgary. HUNTING

10. Introduction to Phenology History and Phenology Traditions and Culture: The Blackfoot tribe of s. Alberta and Canada used the flowering of the buffalo bean (Thermopsis rhombifolia) to indicate that bison males (Bison bison) had eaten enough spring browse to be ready to hunt (their meat was sufficiently marbled with fat). Johnston A. 1982. Plants and the Blackfoot. Prov. Mus. Alberta Nat. Hist. Occ. Pap. No. 4, Alberta Culture, Historical Resources Division, Edmonton, Alberta. HARVESTING

11. Introduction to Phenology History and Phenology Traditions and Culture: The Tubatulabal tribe of Kern County (CA) used the ripening of coffeeberry fruits (Rhamnus californica) at low elevations to indicate that pinyon pine (Pinus monophylla) seeds in the mountains were ready to harvest. Anderson, M. Kat. 2002. UC Davis. HARVESTING

12. Introduction to Phenology History and Phenology Traditions and Culture The Magnificent Mesquite by Ken E. Rogers HARVESTING By J. Frank Dobie © Phil Dering From: Texas Beyond History

13. Introduction to Phenology History and Phenology Record Keeping

14. Introduction to Phenology History and Phenology Research, spring timing and range* Photo by Scot Miller 43 species at Walden Pond bloom 7 days earlier than 150 years ago Blueberries flower 21 days earlier 27% of the species are no longer there Importance of legacy datasets *(Primack and Miller-Rushing, 2012) S PECIES AND E COSYSTEMS ARE INFLUENCED BY GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE Walden Pond Thoreau

15. Introduction to Phenology History and Phenology Cloned Plants Project H ISTORIC L ILAC N ETWORK E STABLISHED IN THE 1950 S S ANTA R ITA E XPERIMENTAL R ANGE, G REEN V ALLEY, AZ Began in 1950s by Joe Caprio Series of lilacs and data at Experimental Ranges across US for improve predictions of crop yield, pest management and bloom dates Clones minimize variations between locations Predict the spring index and provide comparable data Became part of the UW - Milwaukee Indicator Observation Program S. vulgaris (common lilac), S. x chinensis (Red Rothromagenisis), C. florida (Appalachian Spring Dogwood)

16. Introduction to Phenology

17. Phenology Observation Program Overview Introduction to Phenology Why do we care? USA National Phenology Network Phenology and Pima Extension Participate!

18. Why do we care? Phenology and Climate Change Research, spring timing and range A three-way mismatch English Oak Winter Moth Pied Flycatcher Both et al. 2006 Nature EARLIER SAME TIME EACH YEAR EARLIER

19. Invasions Allergies Pests & Diseases Wildfires Flu season Agriculture Festivals Ecotourism Why do we care?

20. … and sensitive to climate … and sensitive to climate change. “Phenology…is perhaps the simplest process in which to track changes in the ecology of species in response to climate change.” (IPCC 2007) “Because of their close connection with climate, the timing of phenological events can be accurate indicators of climate change.” (EPA 2010) Phenological patterns are important, economically and biologically

21. Why might MGs care? Planting Pruning Pollinators Pre-emergence herbicides (Pesticides) Pupas Produce harvest Predictive viewing Plant populations Prediction of sunburn Purchase ladybugs... PHENOLOGY (P 11+ ) ©Pima Master Gardeners

22. Why might MGs care? Pollinator Garden Local Questions? Garden Tours Photograph ©How Stuff Works ©IFAS Extension Tomato hornworm

23. Phenology Observation Program Overview Introduction to Phenology Why do we care? USA National Phenology Network Phenology and Pima Extension Participate!

24. A NATIONAL NETWORK OF INTEGRATED PHENOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ACROSS SPACE AND TIME. Primary goal To encourage observation of phenological events and understand how plants, animals and landscapes respond to environmental variation and climate change. Mission Make phenology data, models and related information available to scientists, resource managers and the public. Encourage people of all ages and backgrounds to observe and record phenology. USA National Phenology Network

25. Network Tools Standard methods for data collection Basic and applied research Decision-support tools Education and outreach Nature’s Notebook Legacy Datasets Citizen Science Project USA National Phenology Network

26. A Multi-taxa, National-scale Phenology System What’s Nature’s Notebook? A national plant and animal phenology observation program. Online monitoring system ∙ Citizen Science/Scientist contributions ∙ Core protocols ∙ Dynamic data visualizations ∙ Network of partners “H AVING A REASON AND A MECHANISM FOR PAYING ATTENTION TO THE NATURAL WORLD AROUND ME ENRICHES MY LIFE.” — H ANS

27. Why Citizen Science? What Is Citizen Science? Engages volunteers Expands ability of scientists Teaches scientific methods Public and professional scientists Research teams Educate and generate data Meet science & research goals Eliminates gloom and doom Citizen Science Info www.birds.cornell.edu/citsci/about www.birds.cornell.edu/citsci/about www.CitSci.org www.scistarter.org

28. USA National Phenology Network 630 plant species and 230 animal species 1815 observers reporting (6201 total) making ~250,000 observations

29. USA National Phenology Network Recent and unusual rise in global temperature Understand plant & animal response Record early/late spring & fall events Ecosystem shift

30. USA National Phenology Network Research Species Interactions Habitat Ecosystem in Balance Stewardship

31. Phenology Observation Program Overview Introduction to Phenology Why do we care? USA National Phenology Network Phenology and Pima Extension Participate!

32. Phenology at Pima Extension The Pima County Master Gardeners are a group of volunteers providing leadership and guidance to the community in home gardening and landscaping. Education Phenology research at the Extension Office can help you make informed recommendations, provide area-specific information about bloom times and year to year variations, and accurate species information. Outreach Expertise

33. Phenology at Pima Extension

34. Phenology and Pima Extension Pollinator Garden Local Questions? Garden Tours Photograph ©How Stuff Works ©IFAS Extension Tomato hornworm

35. Phenology Observation Program Overview Introduction to Phenology Why do we care? USA National Phenology Network Phenology and Pima Extension Participate!

36. 1.Help us to capture what’s happening in YOUR garden at PCE and at home 2.Help us to create hypotheses and answer gardening questions – maybe demonstration garden chairs already have questions? 3.Help us teach others how to pay attention to plants and animals and their response to climate and weather 4.Help us to do community outreach and help me with my education goals

37. Participate! Jojoba Saguaro Creosote bush Velvet mesquite Honey mesquite Desert ironwood Blue paloverde Yellow paloverde Know your Native Plants!

38. Participate! Phenophase Definitions What is a phenophase? An observable stage in the annual lifecycle of a plant or animal that can be defined by a start and end point. Often having a duration of a few days or weeks.

39. Participate! www.usanpn.org/participate/guidelines Leaves Flowers Fruits

40. Participate! Sample Nature’s Notebook data sheet Status Event Abundance – how many? YES NO UNCERTAIN No record if you did not check

41. Participate! Frequency of Observations As often as possible At least once a week All observations are valuable ! Time of Day Convenient Consistent Daytime Keep looking for a phenophase even if it has ended.

42. Participate! 42 Plants: Make repeat observations of the same individual plants for as long as you are recording data.

43. Participate! Animals: Create a checklist for your site, look and listen for ALL species EACH time you visit. In some cases there may be many animals (mammals, amphibians, insects, etc.) that could visit your site.

44. Participate! www.usanpn.org/participate/guidelines Why? Phenophases may be triggered by moisture and not just temperature Negative data is valuable Conditions may change rapidly More data = better analysis Climate shift may be changing when events occur

45. Participate! www.usanpn.org/participate/guidelines Enter Observations Online

46. Participate! www.usanpn.org/participate/guidelines

47. Participate! www.usanpn.org/participate/guidelines

48. Participate! Tucson Phenology Trail Currently 7 locations Biosphere 2 UA Campus Sam Hughes Neighborhood Pima Extension Offices (2) Santa Rita Experimental Range Tucson Audubon Mason Center Tumamoc Hill Madera Canyon Total of 75 Miles, start to finish 3-10 species tagged at each

49. Participate! 1.Host a docent-led walk in the demonstration garden Incorporate phenology into what you talk about Talk about how plants and animals respond locally 2.Collect weekly data on our installed Phenology Walk in the demonstration garden 3.Help with a phenology station during one of the school group visits 4.Participate with one of our other sites/be a docent for the Phenology Trail Other ideas about how to be involved?

50. Phenology Observation Program Collecting systematic information about species life cycles will allow us to build a long term data set. We then may begin to understand how our ecosystems are responding to a changing environment.

51. Thank you! LoriAnne Barnett lorianne@usanpn.org You’re invited to connect with USA-NPN… Sign up for a phenology e-newsletter (quarterly) Join the Nature’s Notebook community and become an observer: Contribute to science while having fun! Discover new tools and resources for work or play LoriAnne Barnett lorianne@usanpn.org @loriannebarnett