1. VOCALS lgk misu06 A Chilean perspective of VOCALS Laura Gallardo Klenner Center for Mathematical Modeling, University of Chile (CNRS UMI 2807) lgallard@dim.uchile.cl MechosoBretherton Huebert Weller Wood contribution to SOLAS/IGAC? http://www.joss.ucar.edu/vocals/

2. VOCALS lgk misu06 Outline VOCALS REx: a few highlights Anthropogenic S perturbation of Sc? –Emissions –Coastal lows –Simulations –Observations Summary and next steps “Camanchaca”

3. VOCALS lgk misu06 SST CC% CF Why focusing over the South East Pacific (SEP)?  Subtropical high (subsidence)  Andes Cordillera induces LLJ  Upwelling cold water and nutrients (fishery)  CCN production  Persistent Sc  Effective cooling  Important for regional and global climate  …but models don’t get the Sc right   +Substantial anthropogenic perturbations

4. VOCALS lgk misu06 CGCM Problems There is a meridional shift in ITCZ a warm SST bias and insufficient stratocumulus cloud cover Mechoso, 2006 CFS Errors SST Prec CLD

5. VOCALS lgk misu06 South Eastern Pacific/Western South America…WOW!!! Active volcanoes (natural emissions) Atacama: dryest desert of the world between the open Pacific and the heigh Andes (dust and circulations) Intensive and long-term mining activities (anthropogenic emissions) Humboldt current, upwelling and fishery (biogenic emissions, air-sea exchange and circulations) Most persistent and extensive subtropical Sc deck of the SH (microphysics and energy balance)

6. VOCALS lgk misu06 Garreaud, 2006 DMS, sea salt

7. VOCALS lgk misu06 Pockets of open cells (POCs) e.g., WOW

8. VOCALS lgk misu06 In the remote marine atmosphere the supply of DMS and its oxidation mechanisms limit the rates of new particle nucleation and growth. These processes probably control the re-filling of POCs with clouds. Iodine, ammonia, and organics may also play a role. Huebert, 2006 e.g., WOW

9. VOCALS lgk misu06 Weller, 2006 Surface forcing from buoy driving a one-dimensional ocean model (PWP) produces a surface layer that is too warm and too salty. Additional cooling and freshening is needed…..Eddies? ) e.g., WOW

10. VOCALS lgk misu06 Wood, 2006

11. VOCALS lgk misu06 NB. Optimi $ m NASA/NOAA/NSF proposals under review Chilean projects to be submitted July 11th 1 month intensive campaign in October 2007 8

12. VOCALS lgk misu06 Swedish connection…CCN characterization  ~ 250 kUSD Chilean Air Force

13. VOCALS lgk misu06 IMARPE fishery research cruise: Oct-Nov 2007 Study region Main goals (main instruments): 1.Characterize the near-coastal 3D wind structure (ship-borne wind profiling radar). 2.Assess the relation between the wind and mesoscale ocean processes (upwelling and eddies) (wind profiler, CTDs and ADCP) 3.Determine the dynamical and thermodynamical structure associated with the coastal clearing (ship-borne radiosoundings). Field experiment: October-November 2007 Cost ~ $70K (Peru) International Partners - Peru

14. VOCALS lgk misu06 Chile is world’s largest Cu producer … Peru is also a Cu producer Lefhon et al, 1999 CONAMA, 2001

15. VOCALS lgk misu06 Could the man made S emissions affect the cloud radiative properties? Under which conditions are anthropogenic emissions transported offshore?

16. VOCALS lgk misu06 Garreaud et al, 2002 COASTAL LOWS once a week

17. VOCALS lgk misu06 Coupled circulations/summer Mechoso, 2006

18. VOCALS lgk misu06 Cerro Moreno Chuquicamata Strong easterly wind events downwind from the largest smelter…CL like? Huneeus, 2003 Evalution of Antofagasta soundings 1989-2002 Focus on extreme events: v 700hPa >5 m/s 82 events Composite CL like

19. VOCALS lgk misu06 S-SO 2 S-SO 4 Emissions (95%) Emissions (5%) Dry deposition Dry / wet deposition OH Swedish MATCH+HIRLAM fields (ca. 0.1°) Dynamical Interpolation

20. VOCALS lgk misu06 Model Outputs

21. VOCALS lgk misu06 We should expect changes in cloud droplet radii …or???? Average Jul20-Aug20 Event July 26

22. VOCALS lgk misu06 Observations? Average Jul20-Aug20 July 26 Suggestive, isn’t it?

23. VOCALS lgk misu06 MODIS-Cloud droplet concentration Wood 2005

24. VOCALS lgk misu06 FONDECYT 2007-2010 Ana María Córdova (CEAZA) Manuel Leiva (CENMA) Laura Gallardo (CMM) …emission strengths/distribution … –Anthropogenic and volcanic: compile, order, check, extrapolate… –Biogenic:…parameterize…ROUGH estimate …regional distribution and relative contributions.. –Dispersion modeling using re-analysis and downscaling –Compare with available observations …which aerosols become CCN… –Intensive campaign (2008): activated aerosols at a camanchaca station (CVI+on-line analysis) PM10/PM2.5 at the same site & PIXE analyses & ionchromatograph SO 2 continuosly Sunphotometer(s) –Deploy passive samplers for N-S transect and seasonal changes..changes in reff, CDNC… –Regional climate model simulations –Trend analyses for satellite data

25. VOCALS lgk misu06 Summary The SEP region is a fantastic research area!!..with a large potential for scientific growth VOCALS offers a unique opportunity to improve our (quantitative) understanding of aerosol-cloud-climate and land-sea-atmosphere interactions There is “evidence” of an impact of anthropogenic sulfate aerosols on the subtropical Sc deck (Huneeus et al, 2006) The Swedish scientific contribution is key for characterizing the coastal CCN Laguna Chaxa, Atacama, Chile