1. Arnold Bregt SDI as an organisational infrastructure: Policy & Legal issues 0

2. Definition Policy – a course of action that has been officially agreed and chosen by a political party, business or other organization (Longman Dictionary) Policy vs. laws e.g. Policy for increased use of open data; e.g. Law on base registrations;

3. Question What is the influence of policy on SDI?

4. Examples What influence may policy have on other SDI components: (People, Data, Technology, Standards) Policy on data access hampers WFS usage (policy vs. technology) Gov. policy on protection of Military Sites information (policy vs. data) Policy on using specific standards (policy vs. standards) Policy on data access may exclude some people from access to data (policy vs. people)

5. Example source: Google Earth

6. Policy Policies for the whole SDI system Policies for Spatial data 5

7. SDI Policy documents (Example - NL)

8. GIDEON Stategy

9. New policy document 2014  8

10. SDI Policy Example South Africa 9

11. South Africa 10

12. Japan 11

13. Germany 12

14. Policy for (Spatial) data Access, sharing and re-use of data (User) Protection of ownership of data (Provider) Privacy (data about persons) (Individuals)

15. Rights versus Contracts (Intermezzo) Roots of law are agreements between people Distinguish between: agreements between two parties (contracts, licence) agreements between a party and the rest of society ((property) rights) 14

16. Special case for (spatial) data traditional law: you make something, and either you have it, or you give/sell to someone else --> contract (geo) data: duplication for nearly no cost by a ‘free rider’, but can damage interests of collector 15

17. Contract between parties Seller and buyer (sales contract) (limited) use right (license) What does the seller promise ? certain quality (accuracy, uptodate, fit-for-purpose) certain delivery time What does the buyer promise ? payment not passing it on not making the seller liable (exclusive clauses..)

18. Exclusive clauses to limit exposure to potential liability Disclaimers:...GEOfirm does not warranty the accuracy of the data and shall not be liable for any consequence of its use... Caveats:...this product does not intend to represent exact reality...this product is subjected to copyright. Reproduction in any form requires written permission from GEOfirm...

19. Example Contract (data Vietnam) 18

20. Example Right (open register) 19

21. Access, sharing and re-use data (User) Freedom of information (transparency) Access policies (’free or fee’) Re-use of public information (value adding) 20

22. Relation 21 Source: Janssen en Dumortier, 2007

23. Simplified access History 1970 -1980 Digital data “in house” only and contracts 1980 - 2000 Contracts with stakeholders 2000 - nowOpen data 22

24. Open data Principles 1. Available on the Internet for free. 2. Primary: Primary data is data as collected at the source, with the finest possible level of granularity, not in aggregate or modified forms. 3. Timely: Data are made available as quickly as necessary to preserve the value of the data.” Data is not open if it is only shared after it is too late for it to be useful to the public. 23 Source:Tauberer, 2012

25. Open data 4. Accessible: Data are available to the widest range of users for the widest range of purposes.” The accessibility principle covers a wide range of concerns including the need for the user of the data to be able to locate, interpret, and understand it and through software to be able to acquire and decode it. 24

26. Licence Popular licence creative commonscreative commons 25

27. Creative commons licence 26

28. What is possible? 27

29. Different forms 28

30. Example 29

31. Combining data 30

32. Protection of ownership data (Provider) Collection of (large) geospatial data sets is huge investment What can be used to protect this ? Copyright (intellectual property right) Database directive (EU 1996) Contracts

33. Copyright Protects intellectual achievement Not economic investments as such Demands originality, whereas most (large scale) geospatial data contains facts (--> GBKN) Lasts 70 years (after death of producer) NL: government agencies have to claim it: ©

35. Example Web of Science (owned by Thomson Reuters) Scopus (owned by Elsevier) Contracts Protected by passwords 34

36. Privacy Right to be left alone Protection of data of personal nature related to identified or identifiable individual Information may be used for determining decisions of government or companies (‘social attitudes’) Often individual not aware of information

37. Data of personal nature (Tiel) Distribution of the use of types Cable TV licenses

38. Privacy Privacy Acts: Privacy Act of 1974 (USA) Data Protection Directive (officially Directive 95/46/EC EU) General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (Proposal) Content 1. Everyone has the right to the protection of personal data concerning him or her. 2. Such data must be processed fairly for specified purposes and...

39. Privacy Main principles Transparency of data processing Limitation on collection, use and disclosure Security of data processing Being informed about processing (NL: esp. re-use should not be contradictory to original purpose)

40. Suppose it is you 39

41. source: Google Earth On the roof

42. Balance Data policy is subtitle balance between users, Producers and individual interest and is data set (case specific). Always an issue of political debate/decision making 41

43. Summary Policy has a strong influence on data access conditions The world-wide trend is towards more open data. Privacy aspects are becoming more important.

44. Questions?