1. Biotechnology

2. Southern Blot/Electrophoresis Electrophoresis- separate DNA with electricity Step 1: DNA is isolated and cut with restriction enzymes –Makes restricted fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) Step 2: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) –Amplify cut DNA

3. Southern Blot/Electrophoresis Step 3: DNA is separated through electrophoresis Place DNA in wells of gel Run electric current through gel –Opposite charges attract –DNA negative  moves toward positive end –Smaller fragments move fast  farther down gel –Larger fragments move slowly  closer to negative charge

4. Southern Blot/Electrophoresis Step 4: Add dye Step 5: Interpret segments (bands) of DNA –Lines that match up have similar DNA

5. Uses of Southern Blotting/Electrophoresis Forensics –Criminal’s DNA matches up Paternity testing –Fathers have similar DNA sequencing to their children Research/Evolution –Find similarities in DNA sequencing among species of organisms

6. You try! Which organisms are the same species? How do you know? Which organisms are similarly related? How do you know? Which organism is the least related to the other organisms? Why?

7. Cloning 1.Collect mammary cells (somatic) from 1 sheep, take out egg cells (gametes) from 2 nd sheep 2.Remove nucleus from egg 3.Fuse cells and allow cells to divide in culture 1.DNA from mammary cell in egg of another 4.Embryo implanted into another sheep

8. Cloning: Vegetative Propagation

9. Stem Cells Take cells from embryo –Cells are undifferentiated –Potential to become different types of cells Expose cells to conditions that cause them to grow into different types of organs