1. Tissue Culture and Differentiation
Monolayer cells: Most cells tend to grow as monolayers (eg fibroblasts) on a substratum (such as a petri dish or flask). They grow up until reach 100% confluence.
Suspension: They are floating cells in the medium (eg haemopoeitic cells, hybridomas), cells in suspension continue to grow until all of the nutrients in the medium are exhausted or depleted.
A practical note: A pH indicator indicates that a change in medium is required (due to nutrient depletion or waste build up) and the cells should be passaged or subcultured.
Cell migration is one of the important phenomenon in monolayer cell cultures.

2. The Cell Cycle
Four successive phases of standard eukaryotic cell cycle
Cell is either dividing or in interphase
12 hours or longer

3. Different Types of Stem Cells
Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent

4. Destiny of cells:
(cell growth, immoralization, differentiation, apoptosis, cell death).
Cell growth: Cells in culture usually have a finite lifespan. Most divide about 50 times before they finally stop dividing.
Transformation of cells with virus or oncogene can immortalise cells so that they continually divide (eg HeLa cells, hybridomas).
Cells may also differentiate in medium. Either spontaneously (eg PSMB embryonic stem cells) or under the influence of specific differentiation conditions (eg retinoic acid induces F9 embryonic stem cell differentiation). Again, growth characteristics may change.
Cell death: (apoptosis or necrosis)
Practical notes: It is advisable to freeze down early passage stocks of cells (to be thawed later) to avoid this limit.
Transformed cells can become tumorigenic if used in vivo and display a variety of altered and unique properties that may be unsuitable.

5. Cell cultures: Primary and transformed
Primary cultures and finite cell lines usually are anchorage-dependent and contact inhibited; transformed cells typically are not.

6. Primary or finite cells
Transformed cells

7. Cell Differentiation All cells carry out basic functions
Respiration, growth, division, synthesis
Most cells have specialized capabilities
200 different cells in the human body.
Cells in their final, differentiated state usually have very unique characteristics, reflected in their morphology

9. Embryonic stem Cell differentiation:
ES cells ---- Transient cells ---- Matured cells
1- Early differentiation
A- Cell differentiation (specialization) begins early in embryonic development – corresponds with loss of embryo’s dependence on maternal mRNA (i.e., coincident with turning on of the embryonic genome; usually about 4-cell+ stage) – individual embryonic cells (blastomeres) are no longer totipotent
B- Initial recognizable differentiation event involves formation of the blastocyst A: Inner cell mass (ICM or embryo proper, sometimes called embryonic disc) B: Trophectoderm (also called trophoblast)
C- Subsequent differentiation/specialization involves formation of the inner germ layer (endoderm) followed by formation of the middle germ layer (mesoderm)
D- All of the body tissues are developed from these 3 germ layers
E- Stem cells undergo self-renewing divisions (adult stem cells). Tissue-specific stem cells are found in adult tissues including blood, skin, central nervous system, liver, gastrointestinal tract, fat and skeletal muscle. They are responsible for regenerating damaged tissue and maintaining tissue homeostasis.

10. Potentially Renewing Cells
Not constantly renewing
Return to active cycling (cell cycle/division) in response to critical cell depletion
Renewal by simple duplication of existing differentiated cells
division gives rise to daughter cells of the same type

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12. 2- Cell maturation/tissue specialization
A- Specificity and acquisition of tissue-specific functions
B- Hallmarks of cell differentiation:
Loss of totipotency
Loss of ability to divide
C- Cell differentiation and cell proliferation (growth) are intimately entwined

13. Transdifferentiation can be defined as a direct switch of an already differentiated cell to another type of differentiated cell.

14. 3- Non-dividing cells
A- Q cells
Cells in G0 – thus reversibly withdrawn from the cell cycle
Can be induced to re-enter the cell cycle by growth factors, e.g.: (a) Tissue repair (wound healing) (b) Tissue renewal (e.g. partial hepatectomy), etc.
B- Terminally differentiated cells
Fully differentiated, but can no longer divide
Eventually die by a process termed apoptosis
For example, squamous of skin, goblet and brush-border cells of intestinal epithelium

15. Genes and differentiation:
Tumor Cells Can Be Induced to Differentiate Terminally by Appropriate Agents if the Differentiation Gene Is Not Mutated; Conversely, Tumor
Cells with the Mutated Differentiation Gene Can Be Resistant to Terminal Differentiation.
Tumor Cells Can Be Induced to Differentiate, but the Differentiated Phenotype Is Reversible upon the Removal of the Inducing Agent Due to Rapid Hydrolysis of Inducing Signals or to Unresponsiveness of Regulatory Genes.

16. PRASAD K.N. et al. 2001

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