1. Biotechnology

2. Altering an organism's genetic code so that it produces desired protein

3. B. Techniques to Locate and Identify DNA 1. DNA Extraction

4. 2. Restriction Enzymes- enzymes that cut DNA at a specific base sequenceRestriction Enzymes-

5. Restriction Enzymes

6. Contributions of Salvador Luria Early biochemistry work was conducted on organisms with small genomes like E. coli and viruses that prey upon them A plate with nutrient agar would be inoculated with bacteria and they would be allowed to grow until they covered the plate Later, phages were added and they would attack and kill the bacteria leaving empty spots on the plate called plaques

7. Salvador Luria’s Observation and Hypothesis Luria observed some bacteria that were unaffected when exposed to phages Luria hypothesized that these bacteria had some type of primitive immune system that restricted phage growth Contributions of Daniel Nathans He realized because DNA has a negative charge, restriction fragments could be separated using an electric current

8. Phage Host Cell DNA Host Cell Restriction Enzyme Viral DNA Bacteria Evolved Restriction Enzymes In order to reproduce, viruses must attach to a host cell The virus then injects it’s DNA into the host cell

9. How Restriction Enzymes Protect Bacteria Restriction enzymes bind with the viral DNA at specific base sequences called recognition sites The viral DNA is cut at specific sites called restriction sites which destroys it and protects the bacteria from infection

10. Naming Restriction Enzymes EcoR I E genusEchericia Co speciescoli R StrainR I Order found 1st BamH I B genusBacillus am speciesamyloliquefaciens H StrainH I Order found 1st Hind III H genusHaemophilous in speciesinfluenzea d Straind III Order found 3rd

11. 3. Gel Electrophoresis- separating cut DNA fragments by size using an electric currentGel Electrophoresis DNA fragments

12. 4. PCR- Polymerase Chain Reaction- allows specific DNA fragments to be copied millions of timesPCR

13. 5. RFLPs- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism a)Used to identify DNA when a mutation adds or deletes a restriction site b)Gel electrophoresis separates the DNA fragments and mutations are identified by an abnormal number of fragments 6. VNTRs & STRPs- similar to RFLP analysis, but uses highly variable, non- coding sequences of DNA

16. C. Techniques for Inserting DNA 1. Heat Shock Transformation- rapid temperature fluctuation of cell walls that pushes DNA into a bacterial cellHeat Shock Transformation

17. 2. Microinjection- thin needles insert DNA into cells

18. D. Uses of Recombinant DNA Technology 1)Pharmaceuticals- Humilin, TPA, interferon, TNF, Artificial hemoglobin, human growth hormone 2)Agriculture- incide, Flavr-saver tomatoes, frost resistance, salt resistance, insect resistance, herbicide resistance, nitrogen fixation 3)Forensics- DNA finger printing 4)Medical- gene therapy

19. E. Dangers of Genetic Engineering 1. Pathogens- disease causing organisms

20. 2. Eugenics- should we control or alter our own genome?

21. 3. Stem Cells- growing new human tissues from cell derived from fertilized eggs

22. 4. Legal Questions- can/should we patent life?

23. 5. Genetic Screening- who would get the results of the tests and how could test results be used?

24. 6. GMOs- Genetically modified organisms