1. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Chapter 22 Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

2. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Overview: Endless Forms Most Beautiful A new era of biology began in 1859 when Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species The Origin of Species focused biologists’ attention on the great diversity of organisms

3. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Darwin noted that current species are descendants of ancestral species Evolution can be defined by Darwin’s phrase descent with modification Evolution can be viewed as both a pattern and a process

4. Fig. 22-1

5. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings To understand why Darwin’s ideas were revolutionary, we must examine them in relation to other Western ideas about Earth and its life Concept 22.1: The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species

6. Fig. 22-2 American RevolutionFrench RevolutionU.S. Civil War 1900 1850 1800 1750 1795 1809 1798 1830 1831–1836 1837 1859 1837 1844 1858 The Origin of Species is published. Wallace sends his hypothesis to Darwin. Darwin begins his notebooks. Darwin writes essay on descent with modification. Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle. Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.” Lyell publishes Principles of Geology. Lamarck publishes his hypothesis of evolution. Hutton proposes his theory of gradualism. Linnaeus (classification) Cuvier (fossils, extinction) Malthus (population limits) Lamarck (species can change) Hutton (gradual geologic change) Lyell (modern geology) Darwin (evolution, natural selection) Wallace (evolution, natural selection)

7. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Scala Naturae and Classification of Species 384-322 BC The Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed species as fixed and arranged them on a scala naturae The Old Testament holds that species were individually designed by God and therefore perfectly designed for their environment

8. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Interpreted organismal adaptations as evidence that the Creator had designed each species for a specific purpose Founder of taxonomy, the branch of biology concerned with classifying organisms Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1788

9. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Ideas About Change over Time The study of fossils helped to lay the groundwork for Darwin’s ideas Fossils are remains or traces of organisms from the past, usually found in sedimentary rock, which appears in layers or strata Video: Grand Canyon Video: Grand Canyon

10. Fig. 22-3 Younger stratum with more recent fossils Layers of deposited sediment Older stratum with older fossils

11. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Developed Paleontology, the study of fossils Advocated catastrophism, speculating that each boundary between strata represents a catastrophe Georges Cuvier 384-322 BC

12. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Perceived that changes in Earth’s surface can result from slow continuous actions still operating today, Gradualism Lyell’s principle of uniformitarianism states that the mechanisms of change are constant over time This view strongly influenced Darwin’s thinking James Hutton & Charles Lyell

13. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Lamarck’s Hypothesis of Evolution 1744-1829 Lamarck hypothesized that species evolve through use and disuse of body parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics The mechanisms he proposed are unsupported by evidence

14. Fig. 22-4

15. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings 19th century: it was generally believed that species had remained unchanged since their creation However, a few doubts about the permanence of species were beginning to arise Concept 22.2: Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the unity and diversity of life

16. Fig. 22-5 NORTH AMERICA EUROPE AFRICA AUSTRALIA GREAT BRITAIN SOUTH AMERICA ATLANTIC OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN Cape of Good Hope Tierra del Fuego Cape Horn Tasmania New Zealand Andes Equator The Galápagos Islands Pinta Marchena Genovesa Santiago Daphne Islands Pinzón Fernandina Isabela San Cristobal Santa Fe Santa Cruz Florenza Española The Voyage of the Beagle

17. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Darwin’s Research: Collected South American plants and animals Observed adaptations of plants and animals that inhabited many diverse environments Was influenced by Lyell’s Principles of Geology and thought that the earth was more than 6000 years old

18. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings His interest in geographic distribution of species was kindled by a stop at the Galápagos Islands near the equator west of South America

19. Fig. 22-5b The Galápagos Islands Pinta Marchena Genovesa Santiago Daphne Islands Pinzón Fernandina Isabela San Cristobal Santa Fe Santa Cruz Florenza Española

20. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Video: Galápagos Marine Iguana Video: Galápagos Marine Iguana Video: Galápagos Tortoises Video: Galápagos Tortoises Video: Galápagos Sea Lion Video: Galápagos Sea Lion Video: Galápagos Islands Overview Video: Galápagos Islands Overview Video: Blue-footed Boobies Courtship Ritual Video: Blue-footed Boobies Courtship Ritual Video: Albatross Courtship Ritual Video: Albatross Courtship Ritual Video: Soaring Hawk Video: Soaring Hawk

21. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Darwin’s Focus on Adaptation In reassessing his observations, Darwin perceived adaptation to the environment and the origin of new species as closely related processes From studies made years after Darwin’s voyage, biologists have concluded that this is indeed what happened to the Galápagos finches

22. Fig. 22-6 (a) Cactus-eater(c) Seed-eater (b) Insect-eater

23. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings In 1844, Darwin wrote an essay on the origin of species and natural selection but did not introduce his theory publicly, anticipating an uproar In June 1858, Darwin received a manuscript from Alfred Russell Wallace, who had developed a theory of natural selection similar to Darwin’s Darwin quickly finished The Origin of Species and published it the next year

24. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Origin of Species Darwin developed two main ideas: – Descent with modification explains life’s unity and diversity – Natural selection is a cause of adaptive evolution

25. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Descent with Modification Darwin never used the word evolution in the first edition of The Origin of Species The phrase descent with modification summarized Darwin’s perception of the unity of life

26. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings In the Darwinian view, the history of life is like a tree with branches representing life’s diversity How did Darwin’s theory mesh with the hierarchy of Linnaeus?

27. Fig. 22-8 Hyracoidea (Hyraxes) Sirenia (Manatees and relatives) Moeritherium Barytherium Deinotherium Mammut Elephas maximus (Asia) Stegodon Mammuthus Loxodonta africana (Africa) Loxodonta cyclotis (Africa) 0 10 4 2 5.5 24 34 Millions of years ago Years ago Platybelodon

28. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Artificial Selection, Natural Selection, and Adaptation Darwin noted that humans have modified other species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits, a process called artificial selection Darwin then described four observations of nature and from these drew two inferences

29. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Observation #1: Members of a population often vary greatly in their traits

30. Fig. 22-10

31. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Observation #2: Traits are inherited from parents to offspring Observation #3: All species are capable of producing more offspring than the environment can support

32. Fig. 22-11 Spore cloud

33. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Observation #4: Owing to lack of food or other resources, many of these offspring do not survive

34. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Inference #1: Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals

35. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Inference #2: This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations

36. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Thomas Malthus noted the potential for human population to increase faster than food supplies and other resources If some heritable traits are advantageous, these will accumulate in the population, and this will increase the frequency of individuals with adaptations This process explains the match between organisms and their environment

37. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Natural Selection: A Summary Individuals with certain heritable characteristics survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals Natural selection increases the adaptation of organisms to their environment over time If an environment changes over time, natural selection may result in adaptation to these new conditions and may give rise to new species Video: Seahorse Camouflage Video: Seahorse Camouflage

38. Fig. 22-12 (b) A stick mantid in Africa (a) A flower mantid in Malaysia

39. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Note that individuals do not evolve; populations evolve over time Natural selection can only increase or decrease heritable traits in a population Adaptations vary with different environments

40. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Concept 22.3: Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence New discoveries continue to fill the gaps identified by Darwin in The Origin of Species

41. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Evolution of Drug-Resistant HIV The use of drugs to combat HIV selects for viruses resistant to these drugs HIV uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase to make a DNA version of its own RNA genome The drug 3TC is designed to interfere and cause errors in the manufacture of DNA from the virus

42. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Some individual HIV viruses have a variation that allows them to produce DNA without errors These viruses have a greater reproductive success and increase in number relative to the susceptible viruses The population of HIV viruses has therefore developed resistance to 3TC The ability of bacteria and viruses to evolve rapidly poses a challenge to our society

43. Fig. 22-14 Weeks Patient No. 3 Patient No. 2 Patient No. 1 Percent of HIV resistant to 3TC 0 0 25 50 75 100 2 4681012

44. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Natural selection does not create new traits, but edits or selects for traits already present in the population The local environment determines which traits will be selected for or selected against in any specific population

45. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Fossil Record The fossil record provides evidence of the extinction of species, the origin of new groups, and changes within groups over time

46. Fig. 22-15 Bristolia insolens Bristolia bristolensis Bristolia harringtoni Bristolia mohavensis Latham Shale dig site, San Bernardino County, California Depth (meters) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 1 2 3 3 3 1 2 4 4

47. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Darwinian view of life predicts that evolutionary transitions should leave signs in the fossil record Paleontologists have discovered fossils of many such transitional forms

48. Fig. 22-16 (a) Pakicetus (terrestrial) (b) Rhodocetus (predominantly aquatic) (c) Dorudon (fully aquatic) Pelvis and hind limb Pelvis and hind limb (d) Balaena (recent whale ancestor)

49. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Homology Homology is similarity resulting from common ancestry Homologous structures are anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor Anatomical and Molecular Homologies

50. Fig. 22-17 Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges HumanWhale Cat Bat

51. Fig. 22-18 Human embryoChick embryo (LM) Pharyngeal pouches Post-anal tail Comparative embryology reveals anatomical homologies not visible in adult organisms

52. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Vestigial structures are remnants of features that served important functions in the organism’s ancestors Examples of homologies at the molecular level are genes shared among organisms inherited from a common ancestor

53. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Homologies and “Tree Thinking” The Darwinian concept of an evolutionary tree of life can explain homologies Evolutionary trees are hypotheses about the relationships among different groups Evolutionary trees can be made using different types of data, for example, anatomical and DNA sequence data

54. Fig. 22-19 Hawks and other birds Ostriches Crocodiles Lizards and snakes Amphibians Mammals Lungfishes Tetrapod limbs Amnion Feathers Homologous characteristic Branch point (common ancestor) Tetrapods Amniotes Birds 6 5 4 3 2 1

55. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Convergent Evolution Convergent evolution is the evolution of similar, or analogous, features in distantly related groups Analogous traits arise when groups independently adapt to similar environments in similar ways Convergent evolution does not provide information about ancestry

56. Fig. 22-20 Sugar glider Flying squirrel AUSTRALIA NORTH AMERICA

57. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Biogeography Darwin’s observations of biogeography, the geographic distribution of species, formed an important part of his theory of evolution Islands have many endemic species that are often closely related to species on the nearest mainland or island

58. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Earth’s continents were formerly united in a single large continent called Pangaea, but have since separated by continental drift An understanding of continent movement and modern distribution of species allows us to predict when and where different groups evolved

59. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings What Is Theoretical About Darwin’s View of Life? In science, a theory accounts for many observations and data and attempts to explain and integrate a great variety of phenomena Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection integrates diverse areas of biological study and stimulates many new research questions Ongoing research adds to our understanding of evolution

60. Fig. 22-UN1 Observations Over time, favorable traits accumulate in the population. Inferences and Individuals in a population vary in their heritable characteristics. Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support. Individuals that are well suited to their environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals

61. Fig. 22-UN3

62. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings You should now be able to: 1.Describe the contributions to evolutionary theory made by Linnaeus, Cuvier, Lyell, Lamarck, Malthus, and Wallace 2.Describe Lamarck’s theories, and explain why they have been rejected 3.Explain what Darwin meant by “descent with modification” 4.List and explain Darwin’s four observations and two inferences

63. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings 5.Explain why an individual organism cannot evolve 6.Describe at least four lines of evidence for evolution by natural selection