1. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 4 Tissues

2. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. End of Chapter 4 Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permission Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publishers assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of theses programs or from the use of the information herein.

3. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Tissues Groups of cells with common embryonic origin and functions 4 basic types:  Epithelial  Connective  Muscular  Nervous

4. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Epithelial Tissue Cells lie close together in continuous sheets with little extracellular material  Cover surfaces and line cavities; always a free (apical) surface  Forms glands Basement membrane of connective tissue underlies epithelium Has no blood vessels (is avascular) Has a nerve supply Has a high capacity for cell division

5. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Categories- Table 4.1 Arrangement of cells in layers  Simple epithelium: 1 layer of cells  Stratified Epithelium: more than 1 layer of cells Cell Shapes  Squamous  Cuboidal  Columnar  Transitional (change shape)

6. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Simple Epithelium Squamous= single layer of flat cells. Important for filtration (kidneys) or diffusion (lungs, capillaries) Called endothelium when lining heart, blood and lymphatic vessels Called mesothelium when in serous membranes

7. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Simple Squamous Epithelium Single layer of flat cells

8. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Simple Squamous Epithelium Single layer of flat cells

9. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Simple Squamous Epithelium Single layer of flat cells

10. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Cube-shaped cells, rounded nuclei

11. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Cube-shaped cells, rounded nuclei

12. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Simple Columnar Epithelium May be cilated or noncilated

13. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Simple Columnar Epithelium May be cilated or noncilated

14. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Simple Columnar Epithelium May be cilated or noncilated

15. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Simple Columnar Epithelium May be cilated or noncilated

16. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Pseudostratified Columnar Appears stratified; nuclei at various levels

17. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Pseudostratified Columnar Appears stratified; nuclei at various levels

18. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Stratified Squamous Epithelium Apical layer cells are flat Deep layers vary from cuboidal to columnar Cells in the basal layer divide and move upward toward apical surface Found in areas of surface wear and tear

19. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Stratified Squamous Epithelium

20. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Stratified Squamous Epithelium

21. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Rare

22. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Rare

23. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Stratified Columnar Epithelium Rare

24. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Stratified Columnar Epithelium Rare

25. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Transitional Epithelium Variable in appearance; cells can stretch

26. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Transitional Epithelium Variable in appearance; cells can stretch

27. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Glandular Epithelium-Endocrine

28. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Glandular Epithelium-Endocrine

29. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Glandular Epithelium-Exocrine

30. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Glandular Epithelium-Exocrine

31. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Connective Tissue Most abundant tissue type; typically found between other tissues Small cells far apart with large amount of extracellular material (matrix) Cell types are diverse as is matrix produced by these cells Diverse functions that vary by specific tissue type Has good blood supply; exception: cartilage is avascular

32. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Connective Tissue Cells Vary with Tissue Type Fibroblasts: present in several tissues  Secrete fibers & ground substance Macrophages: formed from monocytes  Engulf bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis Plasma cells: develop from B lymphocytes  Make antibodies

33. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Connective Tissue Cells Mast cells: near blood cells  Part of an inflammatory reaction: produce histamine that dilates blood vessels Adipocytes: fat cells or adipose cells  Store triglycerides (fat) for energy and provide protection

34. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Extracellular Matrix Fluid, gel or solid plus protein fibers Ground substance found between cells and fibers Fibers: 3 types Collagen fibers: very strong and flexible Elastic fibers: smaller stretch and return to original length Reticular fibers: provide support and strength  Found in basement membranes and organ support

35. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Connective Tissue

36. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Loose Connective Tissue Areolar Adipose Reticular

37. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Areola Connective Tissue

38. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Areola Connective Tissue

39. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Adipose Tissue

40. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Adipose Tissue

41. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reticular Connective Tissue

42. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reticular Connective Tissue

43. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Classification Dense Connective tissue  Dense regular  Dense irregular  Elastic

44. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dense Regular Connective Tissue

45. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dense Regular Connective Tissue

46. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

47. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

48. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Elastic Connective Tissue

49. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Elastic Connective Tissue

50. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Cartilage Dense network of collagen and elastic fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate Stronger than dense fibrous connective tissue Cells: chondrocytes  Very few; occur singly or in groups  Found in spaces called lacunae within matrix Has no blood vessels or nerves Surrounded by perichondrium which does have blood vessels and nerves

51. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Classification: Cartilage Types  Hyaline: appears clear because fibers are not easily visible Example: at ends of long bones, fetal skeleton  Fibrocartilage: fibers visible Strongest type Example: vertebral discs, knee cartilages (menisci)  Elastic: chondrocytes in threadlike elastic network Example: ear cartilage

52. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hyaline Cartilage

53. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hyaline Cartilage

54. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Fibrocartilage

55. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Fibrocartilage

56. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Elastic Cartilage

57. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Elastic Cartilage

58. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Bone: Osseous Tissue Forms most of the skeleton Supports, protects, and allows movements; site of blood formation and storage of minerals Dense matrix made rigid by calcium and phosphorus salts Details in Chapter 6

59. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Liquid Connective Tissue Blood: found within blood vessels  Matrix is plasma  Cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets  More in chapter 14 Lymph: found within lymph vessels  Matrix is lymph: similar to plasma but with much less protein  Some white blood cells  More in chapter 17

60. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Body Membranes: Four Types Mucous membranes: line body cavities and passageways open to the exterior  Secrete mucus Serous membranes: line closed cavities and surrounds organs located there  Serous fluid reduces friction  Parietal and visceral layers  Pleura (around lungs), pericardium (around heart), peritoneum (around abdominal organs)

61. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Synovial membranes: line cavities of most joints  Made of connective tissues (no epithelium)  Secrete synovial fluid that reduces friction and lubricates and nourishes cartilage Cutaneous membranes: skin (chapter 5) Body Membranes: Four Types

62. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscular Tissue Functions  Produce movements, release heat Cells  Elongated, contractile (called muscle fibers) ThreeTypes  Skeletal muscle: pulls on bones allowing body movements  Cardiac muscle: forms wall of heart; pumps blood through blood vessels  Smooth muscle: found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach and bladder

63. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Nervous Tissue Functions: conduct nerve impulses Types of cells  Neurons: convert stimuli into nerve impulses and conduct them  Neuroglia: do not generate nerve impulses, but serve supportive functions

64. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Tissue Repair New cells from stroma or parenchyma Epithelial cells originate from stem cells in defined areas of tissue layer Bone regenerates readily, cartilage poorly Muscular tissue can replace cells but slowly Nerve tissue is poorest at replacement although some stem cells seem to be available Replacement from stroma  scar tissue with functional loss.