1. Ernest Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) A spokesman of lost generation

3. “Lost Generation” created by Gertrude Stein, a lost generation writer herself ； a literary genre （类型） after the First World War in the United States applied to the disillusioned （幻想破灭的） intellectuals and aesthetes of the years following the First World War, who rebelled against former ideals and values; What?

4. “Lost Generation” When World War I broke out, most of them were young people aged around 20. Under the demagogic slogan （蛊惑性宣传） of the USA "to save the world's democracy" and with the ideals of democracy, they went to the European battlefield. How?

5. “Lost Generation” Having witnessed the unprecedented massacre of mankind, they found the war is far from their original idea of the cause of the kind of hero, the so-called "democracy" and "glorious", "sacrifice" things are deceptive. They experienced all sorts of suffering during the war. This is left in their hearts and can not be healed any more. Their work reflects these negative thoughts and feelings.

6. “Lost Generation” Francis Scott Fitzgerald 弗朗西斯 · 斯科特 · 菲茨杰拉德 Ezra Pound 艾兹拉 · 庞德 Sherwood Anderson 舍伍德 · 安德森 William Faulkner 威廉 · 福克纳 Ernest Hemingway 海明威 Representatives

7. Francis Scott Fitzgerald representive of the Jazz Age; Work: The Great Gatsby 《了不 起的盖比茨》

8. Ezra Pound an American poet, critic and intellectual; Work: In a Station of the Metro 《地铁车站》 The apparition of these faces in the crowd; petals on a wet, black bough. ( 这几张脸在人群中幻景般闪； 湿漉漉的黑树枝上花瓣数点。 )

9. Sherwood Anderson （安德森） an American writer, most notably the collection Winesburg, Ohio 《小城畸 人 》 ;

10. William Faulkner （福克纳） a Nobel Prize-winning American author; The Sound and the Fury 喧哗与骚动

11. Ernest Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961)

12. childhood: * the second child, and first son ; *raised in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago ； *father — a successful physician ， love fishing and hunting; *mother — a music teacher ； *music lessons were useful in his writing and a lifelong passion for outdoor adventure and for living in remote or isolated areas ；

13. school life: *attended Oak Park and River Forest High School and excelled both academically and athletically （运动地） ; *first writing experience was for the school‘s newspaper and yearbook （年鉴） ; Hemingway at the time of his graduation from high school, 1917

14. after high school: *worked as a reporter for The Kansas City Star ( 堪萨斯《星报》 ) before World War I for only six months ;

15. World war Ⅰ : *joined the Red Cross Ambulance Corps ( 红十字会战场服务队 ); *on July 8, 1918, wounded but carried an Italian soldier to safety, received the Italian Silver Medal of Bravery; *when in the hospital, met and fell in love with Agnes, a Red Cross nurse but rejected;

16. Journalist & writing: *began as a freelancer ( 自由职业 ) and foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star Weekly; *also worked as an associate editor of the Co-operative Commonwealth, a monthly journal; *met Hadley Richardson, the first wife,and married in 1921; Hadley Richardson

17. Life in Paris(1921-1928): *settled in Paris and covered the Greco-Turkish War for the Toronto Star; *made friends with James Joyce, F. Scott Fitzgerald ; *His marriage to Hadley broke up as he was working on The Sun Also Rises because of his affair with Pauline Pfeiffer, divorced in January 1927 and married Pauline Pfeiffer, second wife, in May. The 2nd wife

18. life in Key West: *In 1928 ， they moved to Key West, Florida, to begin their new life together; *his father committed suicide; *During the early 1930s Hemingway were busy with hunting, fishing, bullfighting, traveling and writing; Hemingway house

19. Spanish Civil War: *in 1937 he reported on the war for the North American Newspaper Alliance (NANA) *he used this experience in Spain as the background for For Whom the Bell Tolls ; After the war, Hemingway divorced with Pauline and married Martha Gellhorn, his third wife in 1940 and wrote the famous novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls, which was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize ；

20. World War II: *in Europe from June to Dec. 1944 ; *involved in the war activities as a war correspondent and in 1947 awarded a Bronze Star for his bravery during WW II; *He left Martha in 1945 when preparing to return to Cuba and meanwhile, he had asked Mary Welsh, Time magazine correspondent, to marry him on their third meeting;

21. Later years: * had a series of accidents and health problems after the war ; *When he traveled to the site of WW I and began to work on Across the River and Into the Trees( 《过河入林》 ); *The next year wrote Old Man and the Sea "the best I can write ever for all of my life“ and won the Pulitzer Prize in May 1952 and In October 1954 received the Nobel Prize in Literature; “ 因为他精通于叙事艺术， 突出地表现在其近著 《老人与海》之中；同 时也因为他对当代 文体 风格之影响 ”

22. Suicide: Discouraged by a troubled family background, illness and the belief that he was losing his gift for writing, he "quite deliberately" shot himself with his favorite shotgun in the early morning hours of July 2, 1961;

23. Achievements Major Themes Artistic features

24. Achievements : 1.Works (Non-fictions 、 Novels 、 Short stories) (1932) Death in the Afternoon (1935) Green Hills of Africa (1960) The Dangerous Summer (1964) A Moveable Feast Non-fictions ：

25. Novels ： (1925) The Torrents of Spring 春天的激流 春潮 (1926) The Sun Also Rises (1929) A Farewell to ArmsA Farewell to Arms (1937) To Have and Have Not 富有与贫穷 (1940) For Whom the Bell Tolls 丧钟为谁而鸣 战 地钟声 (1950) Across the River and Into the Trees 过 河入林 (1952) The Old Man and the Sea (1962) Adventures of a Young Man 天涯游子泪 (1970) Islands in the Stream (Hemingway) 海流 中的岛屿 (1999) True at First Light 曙光示真 (2005) Under Kilimanjaro 初秋阳光 (1986) The Garden of Eden

26. “The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber” “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place” “Cat in the Rain” “Big Two-Hearted River” “Hills Like White Elephants”... Short stories

27. 2. Notable awards The Old Man and the Sea was awarded the 1953 Pulitzer Prize and American Academy of Arts and Letters' Award of Merit Medal for the Novel and played a significant role in Hemingway's selection for the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954.

28. Characters in “The Old Man and the Sea” Santiago ： a Cuban fisherman who is humble but proud of his own abilities. His has an unparalleled knowledge of the sea and of his craft,which helps him stay optimistic even during his long spell of bad luck. Manolin: Santiago’s young apprentice and devoted attendant who loves his master and takes good care of him.

29. The Marlin: An 18-foot fish. Santiago feels a fraternal connection with the fish. Hemingway compares both Santiago and the fish to Christ. Martin: A kind café owner who often provides Santiago with supper. Perico: The owner of the little hotel in Santiago’s village who provides newspaper for Santiago.

30. Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea may be well-known as one of the true classics of this generation. Certainly, the qualities of Ernest Hemingway's short novel are those which we associate with many great stories of the past: near perfection of form within the limitations of its subject matter, restraint of treatment, regard for the unities of time and place, and evocative simplicity of style.

31. Also, like most great stories, it can be read on more than one level of meaning.

33. On one it is an exciting but tragic adventure story. Sustained by the pride of his calling, the only pride he has left, a broken old fisherman ventures far out into the Gulf Stream and there hooks the biggest marlin ever seen in those waters. Then, alone and exhausted by his struggle to harpoon the giant fish, he is forced into a losing battle with marauding sharks; they leave him nothing but the skeleton of his catch.

34. Hemingway's Cuban fisherman is a character allowing the imagination of his creator to operate simultaneously in two different worlds of meaning and value, the one real and dramatic, the other moral and devotionally symbolic On still another it is a parable of religious significance, its theme supported by the writer's unobtrusive handling of Christian symbols and metaphors. Like Coleridge's Ancient Mariner,.

35. About writing, Hemingway has a well-known metaphor: the tip are usually seven-eighths submerged under the water. Writers must reproduce the exposed surface of the water that one-eighth. The rest should be left to the reader to understand and imagine

36. “ The Old Man and the Sea” is a product of this theory into practice. It is brief, without a superfluous word, just like the tip of the iceberg, simple-clear, fresh and biting.

37. This is a book about the old fisherman who lives alone in sea fishing. After the 84 days with nothing he caught a huge marlin. It had never been seen and heard of for the old man. The fish was at least longer than his boat two feet. The fish is very large, dragging the boat drifted for two days and nights, the elderly was in a never suffered through a difficult test in these two days and two nights. Finally the fish was stabbed and tied to the bow. However, it is unfortunate that a shark suddenly turned up in returning, the elderly and the Shark had a desperate struggle, finally, the giant marlin was eaten up by shark. After some bitter, the old people dragged home only a bare and a skeleton of the injury, but he still be appreciated

41. Themes in “The Old Man and the Sea” 1 The Honor in Struggle, Defeat, and Death: “Man can be destroyed but not defeated.”—Even though death is inevitable, it only defeats us if we struggle against it with honor and courage. To kill or to be killed…

42. 2 Pride as the Source of Greatness: “Pride motivates men to achieve great things.” –Pride motivates the kill that allows Santiago to transcend defeat. It also allows him to meet each challenge with stronger determination.

43. 3 The Holiness of Honorable Men: “The Holiness of Man is in Jesus Christ.”—Hemingway creates several images which suggests that Santiago is Christlike because he turns loss into gains,defeat into triumph, and even death into renewed life.

44. Major Themes *The “ Nada ” Concept *Grace under pressure *Code Hero

45. 1. The “ Nada ” Concept “ Nada ” ( “ nothing ” ) In the last part of the short story A Clean and Well-lighted Place, there is an evaluation about nada: “ It was not fear or dread … It was all nothing and a man was nothing too … Some lived in it and never felt it but he knew it all was nada … Hail nothing full of nothing, nothing is whit thee. ”

46. 1. The “ Nada ” Concept *Man is born into a naturalistic and indifferent universe that has no purpose, meaning, order, or value * “ Nada ” is then focused on 1. man ’ s confrontation with the absence of God 2. indifference and hostility of the universe 3. absence of purpose, order, meaning, value

47. Motifs for “ Nada ” *Death---is inevitable and ever present *Darkness & Disorder---chaos, “ unknowability ”, and hostility of universe. *War or “ violent encounter ” ---ever-present pain and death *Bad Nerves---the recognition of “ nada ” brings on fear, anxiety, & loss of control *Insomnia ---symbol of man ’ s attempt to, and his inability to, stop thinking about nada *Despair---absence of hope and confidence

48. 2.Grace under pressure ----It signifies courage. DP: `Exactly what do you mean by `guts'?‘ EH: `I mean, grace under pressure.'" --Ernest Hemingway (an interview with Dorothy Parker, New Yorker, 30 November 1929)

49. 2.Grace under pressure In the general situation of his novel, life is full of tension and battles; the world is in chaos; man is always fighting desperately a losing battle. However, though life is but a losing battle, it is a struggle man can dominate in such a way that loss becomes dignity; man can be physically destroyed but never defeated spiritually. (Hays, 1990: 622-623)

50. 2.Grace under pressure For example : The Old Man and the Sea----while Santiago is struggling to fight off the sharks who are tearing apart the magnificent fish he has caught, he thinks to himself: “ Man is not made for defeats. A man can be destroyed but not defeated. ” The Sun Also Rises ----Jake Barnes says, “ I did not care what (the world) was all about. All I wanted to know was how to live in it. ” For Whom the Bell Tolls---- Robert Jordan knows that death is not to be feared if he can live his life to the fullest during the 72 hours he has with the Spanish Loyalists; it could mean the same as a full life of 72 years. “ Across the River and into the Trees ” ----Richard Cantwell struggles to maintain dignity in the face of impending death.

51. The phrase, Hemingway code hero originated with scholar Philip Young. He uses it to describe a Hemingway character who lives correctly, following certain principles of honor, courage, and endurance which in a life of tension and pain make a man a man. 3.The Hemingway Code Hero Self-disciplined Knowledgeable Skillful Poised Honest Courageous Persistent Stoic

52. Typical traits for the Code Hero: 1.The Hemingway hero is not a thinker, he is a man of action. 1.The Hemingway hero is not a thinker, he is a man of action. But his actions are based upon a concept of life. 2. “Grace under pressure” is their mottoGrace under pressure 3.The Hemingway code heroes are best remembered for their indestructible spirit. “A man can be destroyed but not defeated.” ----From The Old Man and the Sea 4.Maintaining free-will and individualism, never weakly allowing commitment to a single woman or social convention to prevent adventure, travel, and acts of bravery. 5.Admitting the truth of Nada

53. Artistic features The iceberg technique Language style

54. Hemingway's Iceberg Theory “I always try to write on the principle of the iceberg. There is seven-eights of it under water for every part that shows. Anything you know you can eliminate and it only strengthens your iceberg. It is the part that doesn’t show.” “I sometimes think that my style is suggestive rather than direct. The reader must often use his imagination or lose the most subtle part of my thoughts.” “If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about,he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.” ---- Hemingway

55. *Deceptively simple *Understatement and omission (see Iceberg Theory) *Repetition *Focus on facts “ Find what gave you the emotion; what the action was that gave you the excitement. Then write it down making it clear so the reader will see it too and have the same feeling as you had. ” Hemingway’s language Style

56. *Few adjectives or adverbs, few conventional emotive language, few authorial comments *Simple,short,conventional words and sentences *Concise, vivid He noted that, “ a writer’s style should be direct and personal, his imagery rich and earthy, and his words simple and vigorous. The greatest writers have the gift of brevity, are hard workers, diligent scholars and competent stylists ”

57. 1. Introduction to “Cat in the Rain” "Cat in the Rain" is one of his famous short stories by Ernest Hemingway, written while the author was living in France. It was first published in 1925 in the short story collection In Our Time.In Our Time Text A Reading Comprehension

58. (1) What is the setting of the story? An American tourist couple was stranded in an Italian hotel in rainy days, with no sight-seeing, nobody to talk to, and nothing to do. (2) What are the characters in the story? The American couple, the hotelkeeper, the maid and the cat. Reading Comprehension Leading Questions

59. 3. What is the conflict of the story? And how did the author present it? As the American tourist couple was stranded in an Italian hotel on rainy days they couldn’t go sight-seeing, talk to others or do other things. Their holidays were ruined. So the wife felt bored and depressed. But the husband cared little about his wife’s feeling. He just paid lip services and killed his time by reading a book. By contrasting with the hotelkeeper’s good service (though professional) the author was able to highlight the husband’s indifference to his wife’s feelings. Reading Comprehension

60. (4) What is the theme of the story ？ In the story “The cat in the rain” the author described a trivial matter in common life, but brought the readers into focus a rift in the relationship between the American husband and wife. Reading Comprehension (5) What is the ending of the story The hotelkeeper sent a cat to the American wife.

61. Sad, cold and unfriendly (6) What is the atmosphere of the story? (To create this atmosphere Hemingway uses words such as "empty" or "the motorcars were gone".)

62. 3.Symbol The Cat  It represents the American wife’s emotions in regards to the marriage, such as loneliness, obedience and oppression.  it also represents the woman’s consciousness about wanting to change her marital status  It represents the different results of the American wife’s marriage

63. the war monument (mentioned three times) This maybe is done to tell us that a conflict is to be expected. The mirror Self-pity

64. From girl to wife girl innocent and vulnerable wifegrown-up

65. Farewell to Arms is a semi-autobiographical novel written by Ernest Hemingway concerning events during the Italian campaigns during the First World War. The book, which was first published in 1929, is a first-person account of American Frederic Henry, serving as a Lieutenant ("Tenente") in the ambulance corps of the Italian Army.Italian campaignsFirst World Warfirst-person accountLieutenantItalian Army

66. The Hemingway Code Hero Throughout many of Hemingway ’ s novels the code hero acts in a manner which allowed the critic to formulate a particular code. - he does not talk about what he believes in. - He does not talk too much. He expresses himself not in words, but in actions. The Hemingway man is not a thinker, he is a man of action. But his actions are based upon a concept of life.

67. “ Grace under pressure” is their motto Whatever is the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure. No matter how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. Finally, they will prevail because of their indestructible spirit and courage.