1. This material is made freely available at www.njctl.org and is intended for the non-commercial use of students and teachers. These materials may not be used for any commercial purpose without the written permission of the owners. NJCTL maintains its website for the convenience of teachers who wish to make their work available to other teachers, participate in a virtual professional learning community, and/or provide access to course materials to parents, students and others. Click to go to website: www.njctl.org New Jersey Center for Teaching and Learning Progressive Mathematics Initiative

2. 8th Grade Math Pythagorean Theorem Distance and Midpoints www.njctl.org 2013-01-02

3. Setting the PowerPoint View Use Normal View for the Interactive Elements To use the interactive elements in this presentation, do not select the Slide Show view. Instead, select Normal view and follow these steps to set the view as large as possible: On the View menu, select Normal. Close the Slides tab on the left. In the upper right corner next to the Help button, click the ^ to minimize the ribbon at the top of the screen. On the View menu, confirm that Ruler is deselected. On the View tab, click Fit to Window. Use Slide Show View to Administer Assessment Items To administer the numbered assessment items in this presentation, use the Slide Show view. (See Slide 13 for an example.)

4. Distance Formula Midpoints Table of Contents Click on a topic to go to that section Pythagorean Theorem Common Core Standards: 8.G.6, 8.G.7, 8.G.8

5. Pythagorean Theorem Click to return to the table of contents

6. Pythagorean Theorem This is a theorem that is used for right triangles. It was first known in ancient Babylon and Egypt beginning about 1900 B.C. However, it was not widely known until Pythagoras stated it. Pythagoras lived during the 6th century B.C. on the island of Samos in the Aegean Sea. He also lived in Egypt, Babylon, and southern Italy. He was a philosopher and a teacher.

7. Legs - Opposite the right angle - Longest of the 3 sides - 2 sides that form the right angle click to reveal Labels for a right triangle c a b Hypotenuse click to reveal

8. In a right triangle, the sum of the squares of the lengths of the legs (a and b) is equal to the square of the length of the hypotenuse (c). a 2 + b 2 = c 2 Link to animation of proof

9. a 2 + b 2 = c 2 2 + b 2 = 15 2 + b 2 = 225 -25 b 2 = 200 5 25 Missing Leg Write Equation Substitute in numbers Square numbers Subtract Find the Square Root Label Answer 5 ft 15 ft

10. 9 in 18 in Missing Leg Write Equation Substitute in numbers Square numbers Subtract Find the Square Root Label Answer a 2 + b 2 = c 2 2 + b 2 = 18 2 + b 2 = 324 -81 b 2 = 243 81 9

11. 4 in 7 in Missing Hypotenuse Write Equation Substitute in numbers Square numbers Add Find the Square Root & Label Answer a 2 + b 2 = c 2 2 + 7 2 = c 2 + 49 = c 2 = c 2 4 16 65

12. Missing Leg Write Equation Substitute in numbers Square numbers Subtract Find the Square Root Label Answer Missing Hypotenuse Write Equation Substitute in numbers Square numbers Add Find the Square Root Label Answer How to use the formula to find missing sides.

13. 1What is the length of the third side? 4 7 x

14. 2 41 x 15

15. 3What is the length of the third side? 7 z 4

16. 4 3 4 x

17. 3 4 There are combinations of whole numbers that work in the Pythagorean Theorem. These sets of numbers are known as Pythagorean Triplets. 3-4-5 is the most famous of the triplets. If you recognize the sides of the triangle as being a triplet (or multiple of one), you won't need a calculator! 5 Pythagorean Triplets

18. 1 2 = 1 11 2 = 121 21 2 = 441 2 2 = 4 12 2 = 144 22 2 = 484 3 2 = 9 13 2 = 169 23 2 = 529 4 2 = 16 14 2 = 196 24 2 = 576 5 2 = 25 15 2 = 225 25 2 = 625 6 2 = 36 16 2 = 256 26 2 = 676 7 2 = 49 17 2 = 289 27 2 = 729 8 2 = 64 18 2 = 324 28 2 = 784 9 2 = 81 19 2 = 361 29 2 = 841 10 2 = 100 20 2 = 400 30 2 = 900 Can you find any other Pythagorean Triplets? Use the list of squares to see if any other triplets work.

19. 5What is the length of the third side? 6 8

20. 6 5 13

21. 7What is the length of the third side? 48 50

22. 8The legs of a right triangle are 7.0 and 3.0, what is the length of the hypotenuse?

23. 9The legs of a right triangle are 2.0 and 12, what is the length of the hypotenuse?

24. 10 The hypotenuse of a right triangle has a length of 4.0 and one of its legs has a length of 2.5. What is the length of the other leg?

25. 11The hypotenuse of a right triangle has a length of 9.0 and one of its legs has a length of 4.5. What is the length of the other leg?

26. Corollary to the Pythagorean Theorem If a and b are measures of the shorter sides of a triangle, c is the measure of the longest side, and c 2 = a 2 + b 2, then the triangle is a right triangle. If c 2 ≠ a 2 + b 2, then the triangle is not a right triangle. b = 4 ft c = 5 ft a = 3 ft

27. Corollary to the Pythagorean Theorem In other words, you can check to see if a triangle is a right triangle by seeing if the Pythagorean Theorem is true. Test the Pythagorean Theorem. If the final equation is true, then the triangle is right. If the final equation is false, then the triangle is not right.

28. Is it a Right Triangle? Write Equation Plug in numbers Square numbers Simplify both sides Are they equal? 8 in, 17 in, 15 in a 2 + b 2 = c 2 8 2 + 15 2 = 17 2 64 + 225 = 289 289 = 289 Yes!

29. 12 Is the triangle a right triangle? 8 ft 10 ft 6 ft Yes No

30. 13Is the triangle a right triangle? 30 ft 24 ft 36 ft Yes No

31. 14Is the triangle a right triangle? 10 in. 8 in. 12 in. Yes No

32. 15 Is the triangle a right triangle? 5 ft 13 ft 12 ft Yes No

33. 16Can you construct a right triangle with three lengths of wood that measure 7.5 in, 18 in and 19.5 in? Yes No

34. Steps to Pythagorean Theorem Application Problems. 1. Draw a right triangle to represent the situation. 2. Solve for unknown side length. 3. Round to the nearest tenth.

35. Work with your partners to complete: To get from his high school to his home, Jamal travels 5.0 miles east and then 4.0 miles north. When Sheila goes to her home from the same high school, she travels 8.0 miles east and 2.0 miles south. What is the mea­sure of the shortest distance, to the nearest tenth of a mile, between Jamal's home and Sheila's home? From the New York State Education Department. Office of Assessment Policy, Development and Administration. Internet. Available from www.nysedregents.org/IntegratedAlgebra; accessed 17, June, 2011.

36. Work with your partners to complete: A straw is placed into a rectangular box that is 3 inches by 4 inches by 8 inches, as shown in the accompanying diagram. If the straw fits exactly into the box diagonally from the bottom left front corner to the top right back corner, how long is the straw, to the nearest tenth of an inch? From the New York State Education Department. Office of Assessment Policy, Development and Administration. Internet. Available from www.nysedregents.org/IntegratedAlgebra; accessed 17, June, 2011.

37. The Pythagorean Theorem can be applied to 3 Dimensional Figures In this figure: a = slant height (height of triangular face) b = 1/2 base length (from midpoint of side of base to center of the base of the pyramid) h = height of pyramid

38. A right triangle is formed between the three lengths. If you know two of the measurements, you can calculate the third. EXAMPLE: Find the slant height of a pyramid whose height is 5 cm and whose base has a length of 8cm.

39. Find the slant height of the pyramid whose base length is 10 cm and height is 12 cm. Label the diagram with the measurements.

40. Find the base length of the pyramid whose height is 21 m and slant height is 29 m. Label the diagram with the measurements.

41. 17 The sizes of television and computer monitors are given in inches. However, these dimensions are actually the diagonal measure of the rectangular screens. Suppose a 14-inch computer monitor has an actual screen length of 11-inches. What is the height of the screen?

42. 18Find the height of the pyramid whose base length is 16 in and slant height is 17 in. Label the diagram with the measurements.

43. 19A tree was hit by lightning during a storm. The part of the tree still standing is 3 meters tall. The top of the tree is now resting 8 meters from the base of the tree, and is still partially attached to its trunk. Assume the ground is level. How tall was the tree originally?

44. 20You've just picked up a ground ball at 3rd base, and you see the other team's player running towards 1st base. How far do you have to throw the ball to get it from third base to first base, and throw the runner out? (A baseball diamond is a square) home 1st 2nd 3rd 90 ft.

45. 21 You're locked out of your house and the only open window is on the second floor, 25 feet above ground. There are bushes along the edge of your house, so you'll have to place a ladder 10 feet from the house. What length of ladder do you need to reach the window?

46. 22Scott wants to swim across a river that is 400 meters wide. He begins swimming perpendicular to the shore, but ends up 100 meters down the river because of the current. How far did he actually swim from his starting point?

47. Distance Formula Click to return to the table of contents

48. If you have two points on a graph, such as (5,2) and (5,6), you can find the distance between them by simply counting units on the graph, since they lie in a vertical line. The distance between these two points is 4. The top point is 4 above the lower point.

49. 23 What is the distance between these two points?

50. 24 What is the distance between these two points?

51. 25 What is the distance between these two points?

52. Most sets of points do not lie in a vertical or horizontal line. For example: Counting the units between these two points is impossible. So mathematicians have developed a formula using the Pythagorean theorem to find the distance between two points.

53. Draw the right triangle around these two points. Then use the Pythagorean theorem to find the distance in red. a b c The distance between the two points (2,2) and (5,6) is 5 units. c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2 = 3 2 + 4 2 2 = 9 + 16 c 2 = 25 c = 5 c c

54. Example: The distance between the two points (-3,8) and (-9,5) is approximately 6.7 units. c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2 = 3 2 + 6 2 2 = 9 + 36 c 2 = 45 c c

55. Try This: The distance between the two points (-5, 5) and (7, -4) is 15 units. c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2 = 9 2 + 12 2 2 = 81 + 144 c 2 = 225 C = 15 c c

56. Deriving a formula for calculating distance...

57. Create a right triangle around the two points. Label the points as shown. Then substitute into the Pythagorean Formula. (x 1, y 1 ) length = x 2 - x 1 length = y 2 - y 1 d c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2 = (x 2 - x 1 ) 2 + (y 2 - y 1 ) 2 = (x 2 - x 1 ) 2 + (y 2 - y 1 ) 2 This is the distance formula now substitute in values. d = (5 - 2) 2 + (6 - 2) 2 d = (3) 2 + (4) 2 = 9 + 16 d = 25 d = 5 (x 2, y 2 ) d d d

58. Distance Formula d = (x 2 - x 1 ) 2 + (y 2 - y 1 ) 2 You can find the distance d between any two points (x 1, y 1 ) and (x 2, y 2 ) using the formula below. how far between the x-coord.how far between the y-coord.

59. When only given the two points, use the formula. Find the distance between: Point 1 (-4, -7) Point 2 (-5, -2)

60. 26Find the distance between (2,3) and (6,8). Round answer to the nearest tenth.

61. 27Find the distance between (-7,-2) and (11,3). Round answer to the nearest tenth.

62. 28Find the distance between (4,6) and (1,5). Round answer to the nearest tenth.

63. 29Find the distance between (7,-5) and (9,-1). Round answer to the nearest tenth.

64. How would you find the perimeter of this rectangle? Either just count the units or find the distance between the points from the ordered pairs.

65. A (0,-1) B (8,0) C (9,4) D (3,3) Can we just count how many units long each line segment is in this quadrilateral to find the perimeter?

66. You can use the Distance Formula to solve geometry problems. A (0,-1) B (8,0) C (9,4) D (3,3) Find the perimeter of ABCD. Use the distance formula to find all four of the side lengths. Then add then together. BC = CD = AB = DA =

67. 30 Find the perimeter of EFG. Round the answer to the nearest tenth. E (7,-1) F (3,4) G (1,1)

68. 31Find the perimeter of the square. Round answer to the nearest tenth. H (1,5) I (3,3)K (-1,3) J (1,1) d =  (x 2 - x 1 ) 2 + (y 2 - y 1 ) 2

69. 32Find the perimeter of the parallelogram. Round answer to the nearest tenth. L (1,2) M (6,2) N (5,-1) O (0,-1)

70. Midpoints Click to return to the table of contents

71. (2, 2) (2, 10) Find the midpoint of the line segment. What is a midpoint? How did you find the midpoint? What are the coordinates of the midpoint?

72. (3, 4) (9, 4) Find the midpoint of the line segment. What are the coordinates of the midpoint? How is it related to the coordinates of the endpoints?

73. (3, 4) (9, 4) Find the midpoint of the line segment. What are the coordinates of the midpoint? How is it related to the coordinates of the endpoints? Midpoint = (6, 4) It is in the middle of the segment. Average of x-coordinates. Average of y-coordinates.

74. The Midpoint Formula To calculate the midpoint of a line segment with endpoints (x 1,y 1 ) and (x 2,y 2 ) use the formula: ( x 1 + x 2 y 1 + y 2 22, ) The x and y coordinates of the midpoint are the averages of the x and y coordinates of the endpoints, respectively.

75. The midpoint of a segment AB is the point M on AB halfway between the endpoints A and B. B (8,1) A (2,5) See next page for answer

76. The midpoint of a segment AB is the point M on AB halfway between the endpoints A and B. B (8,1) A (2,5) Use the midpoint formula: Substitute in values: x 1 + x 2 y 1 + y 2 2 2, 2 + 8, 5 + 1 2 2 Simplify the numerators: 10 6 2 2, Write fractions in simplest form: (5,3) is the midpoint of AB M ( ) ) ( ) (

77. Find the midpoint of (1,0) and (-5,3) Use the midpoint formula: Substitute in values: x 1 + x 2 y 1 + y 2 2 2, 1 + -5, 0 + 3 2 2 Simplify the numerators: -4 3 2 2, Write fractions in simplest form: (-2,1.5) is the midpoint ( ) ( ) ( )

78. 33What is the midpoint of the line segment that has the endpoints (2,10) and (6,-4)? (3,4) (4,7) (4,3) A B C D (1.5,3)

79. 34What is the midpoint of the line segment that has the endpoints (4,5) and (-2,6)? (3,6.5) (1,5.5) (-1,5.5) A B C D (1,0.5)

80. 35What is the midpoint of the line segment that has the endpoints (-4,-7) and (-12,2)? (-8,-2.5) (-4,-4.5) (-1,-6.5) A B C D (-8,-4)

81. 36 What is the midpoint of the line segment that has the endpoints (10,9) and (5,3)? (6.5,2) (6,7.5) (7.5,6) A B C D (15,12)

82. 37Find the center of the circle with a diameter having endpoints at (-4,3) and (0,2). Which formula should be used to solve this problem? Pythagorean Formula Distance Formula Midpoint Formula A B C D Formula for Area of a Circle

83. 38Find the center of the circle with a diameter having endpoints at (-4,3) and (0,2). Since the center is at the midpoint of any diameter, find the midpoint of the two given endpoints. (2.5,-2) (2,2.5) (-2,2.5) A B C D (-1,1.5)

84. 39Find the center of the circle with a diameter having endpoints at (-12,10) and (2,6). (-7,8) (-5,8) (5,8) A B C D (7,8)

85. If point M is the midpoint between the points P and Q. Find the coordinates of the missing point. Use the midpoint formula and solve for the unknown. M (8,1) P (8,-6) Q = ? ( x 1 + x 2 y 1 + y 2 2 2, ) Substitute Multiply both sides by 2 Add or subtract (8, 8)

86. 40If Point M is the midpoint between the points P and Q. What are the coordinates of the missing point? P = (-4,3) M = (-8.5,-9.5) Q = ? (-13,-22) (-8.5,-9.5) (-4.5,-7.5) A B C D (-12.5,-6.5)

87. 41If Point M is the midpoint between the points P and Q. What are the coordinates of the missing point? Q = (-6,9) M = (-7,10) P = ? (1,-1) (-13,19) (-8,11) A B C D (-19,8)