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Chapter 27: Complementary and Alternative Therapies Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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2 Hippocrates Renowned “father of medicine” followed four principles: 1. Observe all 2. Study patient not disease 3. Evaluate honestly 4. Assist nature Nightingale “the nurses role was to provide an environment that supported the patient’s healing process.”
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3 Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Traditional Model Biomedical Conventional Allopathic medicine Focus is on disease rather than on perceiving the patient as a whole person and is based on the following assumptions: 1. Scientific methods identify the cause of disease 2. Germ theory defines infections 3. Prevention based on proper hygiene and lifestyle choices 4. Disease is tangible and measurable
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4 Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Holistic or Alternative Care Model Strengthening inner resistance to disease Enhancing body’s healing power Have been used primarily for Pain management Treatment of chronic illness Anxiety and depression Disease prevention
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5 Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Ancient Cultural Beliefs Illness = Punishment for sin or whim of gods Healing via purification Incantation Herbs Animal sacrifices Laws to regulate Hygiene Sanitation Food
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6 Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Hippocrates Introduced beliefs that the Gods did not control health Health dependent on balance of mind, body, and environment Patient-centered approach
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7 Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Biomedicine Model Concepts Separation of mind and body Disease = Breakdown of parts Treatment tailored to signs and symptoms Physician-centered, evidence-based treatment regimes
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8 Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Holistic Model Concepts Concerned with healing the total person Considers entire background: cultural; genetic; past and current experiences; family structure Persons perception of health and illness Coping mechanisms Multiple methods used in plan of care
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9 Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Psychoneuroimmunology Concerned with influence of psychobiologic factors on stress response and health outcomes HPA axis arousal affects immune system Stress = Immunity Stress = Resistance
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10 Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Current Issues Changing complexion of health care Costs, restrictions of managed care Greater familiarity with alternative therapy Concierge medicine Barriers to acceptance of alternative therapies Cost discourages research No regulation for purity/dosage accuracy Self-diagnosis Interactions between alternative and conventional
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11 Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Current Issues, cont’d. Impact of Healthy People 2010 report Increase quality and years of a healthy life Eliminate health disparities Shift in emphasis from risk factors to definition of health over the life span
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12 Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Mind Body Interventions Meditation Prayer Mindfulness-based therapy Prayer Yoga Use of the arts Humor Exercise Animal-assisted therapy Psychotherapy and hypnosis
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13 Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Energy Therapies Biofeedback Bioelectromagnetics
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14 Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Alternative Therapies of Medical Practice Traditional Chinese: accupuncture Ayurveda/Ayurvedic: yoga, meditation Homeopathic: substances produce disease Naturopathic: ecclectic herb selection Environmental: sensitivity and allergy Culture-based community: folk medicine
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15 Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Manual Healing Methods Osteopathy and chiropractic medicines Massage Acupressure Hand and foot reflexology Therapeutic touch
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16 Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pharmacologic and Biologic Treatments Vaccines and medicines not yet approved by mainstream medicine Animal cartilage Chelating chemicals
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17 Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Herbal Medicine Chinese, European, American Examples: Ginkgo biloba Echinacea Saw palmetto Prunus africanus Ginseng St. John’s wort
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18 Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Diet and Nutrition Vitamins, minerals, supplements Food elimination diets Vegetarian Ethnic-based diets Antioxidant Superfoods
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19 Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Energy Therapies Biofeedback Bioelectromagnetics Light therapy Bone growth stimulation Magnet therapy
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