1. FNI 1B 1 Pioneers of Nanotechnology

2. FNI 1B2 Richard P. Feynman A Nobel prize winning physicist who described nanotechnology in his 1959 presentation There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom. “When we get to the very, very small world … we have a lot of new things that would happen that represent completely new opportunities for design … Atoms on a small scale behave like nothing on a large scale, for they satisfy the laws of quantum mechanics.” http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1965/feynman-bio.html

3. FNI 1B3 Computer Activity Read “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html Select a memorable quote from this speech

4. FNI 1B4 K. Eric Drexler Published Engines of Creation in 1987 Assembler Self assembly Self replication Nanobots http://www.foresight.org/

5. FNI 1B5 What is an assembler?

6. FNI 1B6 Speculations Sugar Sugar is made of 3 kinds of atoms: Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. All of these are present in air. So out of thin air we could make sugar if we could control atoms at the atomic level. Sound far fetched? All plants do this especially sugar cane, beets and maple trees.

7. FNI 1B7 Speculations The universal assembler – Imagine a machine which gives us complete control of matter at the atomic level. Imagine it is about the size and cost of a microwave oven. What are some things we could do with such a device?

8. FNI 1B8 Everything is Made from Atoms So a general purpose assembler could make things like:  Food  Clothes  Computers  Cars (These would need to be put together.)  Televisions  More assemblers  Just about anything that could fit through the door

9. FNI 1B9 Discuss some good and bad things about an assembler Online Activity

10. FNI 1B10 The Good The ability to manipulate matter at the atomic scale could:  Eliminate disease, hunger and aging.  Clean the environment and remove CO 2 from the atmosphere  Protect us from asteroid collisions, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis  Build a space elevator

11. FNI 1B11 The Bad If replicating assemblers were able to replicate uncontrollably they could turn everything into grey goo. An enemy may create super viruses or other devastating nano weapons. “Nano Bugs” could spy on everything we do. Nano assassins

12. FNI 1B12 The Foresight Institute defines molecular nanotechnology as: Molecular nanotechnology is the name given to a specific sort of manufacturing technology. As its name implies, molecular nanotechnology will be achieved when we are able to build things from the atom up, and we will be able to rearrange matter with atomic precision. This technology does not yet exist; but once it does, we should have a thorough and inexpensive system for controlling of the structure of matter.

13. FNI 1B13 Gerd Binnig & Heinrich Rohrer Invented the scanning tunneling microscope or STM which can be used to visualize and manipulate individual atoms. http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1986/binnig-autobio.html http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1986/rohrer-autobio.html

14. FNI 1B14 Ernst Ruska Invented the electron microscope in 1931. The electron microscope obtains images by scanning the surface of a sample with a beam of electrons. http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1986/ruska-autobio.html

15. FNI 1B15 Don Eigler – Xenon on Nickel http://www.almaden.ibm.com/vis/stm/gallery.html Was able to manipulate individual atoms using a scanning tunneling microscope.

16. FNI 1B16 Richard E. Smalley Discovered Buckminsterfullerene a new form of carbon along with Robert Curl and Harry Kroto in 1985. Received the noble prize in Chemistry in 1996 for the discovery of fullerenes. Professor at Rice University Died 2005 Research in carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and energy. http://smalley.rice.edu/

17. FNI 1B17 The Drexler Smalley Debate http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8148/8148counterpoint.html Read the article at the following web site. Prepare arguments for and against the realization of molecular assemblers. Be prepared to support your argument in class.

18. FNI 1B18 Sumio Iijima Discovered the carbon nanotube. A single molecule of carbon. 100 times stronger than steel 1/6 the weight Can be conductors or semiconductors

19. FNI 1B19 Create a timeline for Nanotechnology

20. FNI 1B20 10 bya 1 bya100 mya10 mya1 mya100 tya 10 tya Nanoscience Timeline 13.7 BYA – 10 TYA 13.7 billion years ago: The first atoms of hydrogen and helium are formed a few seconds after the big bang. ~11 billion years ago: Stars form, producing heavier elements through nuclear fusion. 4.5 billion years ago: Our solar system forms including the Earth. Life emerges shortly afterwards. 245 million years ago: Largest mass extinction in Earth history. 75%-96% of all species die. 65 million years ago: Mass extinction which kills the dinosaurs. 2-4 million years ago: Frequent ice ages begin. 790 thousand years ago: First use of fire by humans. 14 thousand years ago: End of the last ice age.

21. FNI 1B21 Nanoscience Timeline 8000 BC - 1900 7000 BC: Earliest record of fermented beverages. 3000 BC: Significant progress in chemistry in Egypt and China. 460 BC: Empedocles develops the concept of elements. 430 BC: Democritus develops the concept of the atom. 1661 Anton van Leeuwenhoek develops the optical microscope. 1697 Isaac Newton’s theory of gravity. 1808 John Dalton develops his atomic theory. 1869 Mendeleev introduces his periodic table. 1895 Wilhelm Roentgen discovers x-rays. 1000150016001700180019001000 BC0 250 AD: Maya blue developed. 1300 Gold nanoparticles used to stain glass red.

22. FNI 1B22 Nanoscience Timeline 20 th Century 1900 Max Planck Quantum Theory. Carbon black used in tires. 1905 Einstein’s theory of relativity. 1906 Rutherford proposes atomic nucleus. 1931 Ernst Ruska invents the electron microscope. 1948 Bardeen, Brattain & Schockley develop transistor. 1953 Crick & Watson propose double helix structure for DNA. 1955 First images of atoms obtained 1959 Richard Feynman gives “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” speech. 1981 Binnig & Rohrer invent the scanning tunneling microscope. 1987 K. Eric Drexler publishes “Engines of Creation.” 1989 Don Eigler spells IBM with his STM. 1989 Smalley, Curl & Kroto discover fullerenes. 1991 Sumio Iijima discovers the carbon nanotube. 1900195019601970198019901991

23. FNI 1B23 Nanoscience Fiction Prey by Michael Crichton http://www.amazon.com/Prey-Michael- Crichton/dp/0061015725/ref=pd_bbs_2?ie=UTF8&s=books& qid=1219935133&sr=8-2 The Diamond Age by Neal Stephenson http://www.amazon.com/Diamond-Age-Illustrated-Primer- Spectra/dp/0553380966/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid =1219935230&sr=1-1