2. Completion of the Accounting Cycle
Closing the books
Preparing and posting closing entries
Preparing the post-closing trial balance
Summary of the accounting cycle
Worksheets, reversing and correcting entries
Classified balance sheet
Using information in the financial statements
Working capital and current and acid-test ratios
Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

3. CHAPTER 4: Completion of the Accounting Cycle
STUDY OBJECTIVES:
Prepare closing entries and a post-closing trial balance.
Explain the steps in the accounting cycle including optional steps.
Prepare correcting entries.
Prepare a classified balance sheet.
Illustrate measures used to evaluate liquidity.
Prepare a work sheet (Appendix 4A).
Prepare reversing entries (Appendix 4B).
Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

4. Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Closing the Books
Done at the end of the accounting period
Accounts are made ready for the next period
Temporary accounts:
Only collect data for a single period; closed at the end of the period
Revenue, expense and owner’s drawings accounts
Permanent accounts:
Not closed
Balances are carried forward into next period
All balance sheet accounts
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5. Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Closing Entries
Transfer temporary account balances to the owner’s capital account
Updates the owner’s capital account balance
Reduces balances in all temporary accounts to zero, so they are ready for the next period
Journalizing and posting closing entries are a required step in the accounting cycle
Revenue and expense accounts are closed to Income Summary (a temporary account)
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6. Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
The Closing Process
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7. Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
The Closing Process
Close revenue accounts
Debit each revenue account for its balance
Credit Income Summary for total revenues
Close expense accounts
Debit Income Summary for total expenses
Credit each expense account for its balance
Close Income Summary
Debit Income Summary for balance (credit if loss)
Credit owner’s capital account (debit if loss)
Close drawings
Debit owner’s capital account
Credit owner’s drawings account for the balance
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8. Post-Closing Trial Balance
Prepared after all closing entries have been journalized and posted
Provides a list of all permanent accounts and their balances
These balances are carried forward into the next period
Since all temporary accounts have zero balances, only permanent accounts remain
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9. Post-Closing Trial Balance
Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

10. CHAPTER 4: Completion of the Accounting Cycle
STUDY OBJECTIVES:
Prepare closing entries and a post-closing trial balance.
Explain the steps in the accounting cycle including optional steps.
Prepare correcting entries.
Prepare a classified balance sheet.
Illustrate measures used to evaluate liquidity.
Prepare a work sheet (Appendix 4A).
Prepare reversing entries (Appendix 4B).
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11. Accounting Cycle Summarized
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12. Work Sheets – An Optional Step
Multiple-column form to help prepare adjusting entries and financial statements
A working tool - not a permanent accounting record
Useful for the preparation of interim financial information or for internal use
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13. Reversing Entries – An Optional Step
Reversing entries reverse certain adjusting entries made in the previous period
Made at the beginning of the next accounting period
To simplify recording of transactions in future accounting periods
Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

14. CHAPTER 4: Completion of the Accounting Cycle
STUDY OBJECTIVES:
Prepare closing entries and a post-closing trial balance.
Explain the steps in the accounting cycle including optional steps.
Prepare correcting entries.
Prepare a classified balance sheet.
Illustrate measures used to evaluate liquidity.
Prepare a work sheet (Appendix 4A).
Prepare reversing entries (Appendix 4B).
Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

15. Correcting Entries – An Avoidable Step
Correcting entries correct errors that have occurred in the recording process
Unnecessary if the records are free of errors
Can be journalized and posted whenever an error is discovered
Must be done before closing entries are prepared and posted
Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

16. CHAPTER 4: Completion of the Accounting Cycle
STUDY OBJECTIVES:
Prepare closing entries and a post-closing trial balance.
Explain the steps in the accounting cycle including optional steps.
Prepare correcting entries.
Prepare a classified balance sheet.
Illustrate measures used to evaluate liquidity.
Prepare a work sheet (Appendix 4A).
Prepare reversing entries (Appendix 4B).
Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

17. Classified Balance Sheet
Financial statements are more useful when similar assets and liabilities are grouped together
A classified balance sheet generally has the following standard classifications:
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18. Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Current Assets
Cash and other resources that will be converted to cash, sold or used up in one year from the balance sheet date
Can be longer period if operating cycle is greater than one year
Listed in order of liquidity
Examples:
Cash, short-term investments, accounts receivable, inventory, prepaid expenses
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19. Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Operating Cycle
The length of it takes from starting with cash to ending with cash in producing revenues
Usually less than one year, but for some companies it may be longer than one year
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20. Long-Term Investments
Investments in debt or equity that are expected to be held for many years
Not readily marketable or expected to be converted into cash within one year
Examples:
Investments in shares or bonds of another company, investment in land held for resale
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21. Property, Plant and Equipment
Long-lived tangible assets that are used in the business and not intended for sale
Examples:
Land, buildings, equipment
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22. Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Intangible Assets
Long-lived assets that do not have physical substance
Examples:
Patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade names, licences
Goodwill is a type of intangible asset
Arises when a company is acquired at a price greater than the fair value of the assets
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23. Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Current Liabilities
Obligations expected to be settled within one year from the balance sheet date or in the normal operating cycle
Listed first in the liabilities and equity section of the balance sheet
Listed in order of liquidity
Examples:
Accounts payable, interest payable, salaries payable, unearned revenue, current maturities of long-term debt
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24. Non-current Liabilities
Obligations expected to be paid after one year or longer
Examples:
Long-term notes payable, bonds payable, mortgages payable, lease liabilities, deferred income taxes (or future income taxes)
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25. Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Equity
Content of the equity section varies with the form of business organization:
Proprietorship: one capital account under the heading “Owner’s Equity”
Partnership: Capital account for each partner under the heading “Partners’ Equity”
Corporation: shareholders’ equity consists of two sections: “Share Capital” and “Retained Earnings”
Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

26. IFRS Versus ASPE Statement Name Order of Items
IFRS: Statement of Financial Position
ASPE: Balance Sheet
But both allow either name
Order of Items
IFRS: May present assets, liabilities, equity in reverse order of liquidity
ASPE: typically uses order of liquidity

27. IFRS Versus ASPE 2 Classification of Assets
Long-term investments, property, plant and equipment, intangible assets
IFRS: May use sub-heading “Non-Current Assets”
ASPE: does not use this sub-heading, uses the separate classifications

28. CHAPTER 4: Completion of the Accounting Cycle
STUDY OBJECTIVES:
Prepare closing entries and a post-closing trial balance.
Explain the steps in the accounting cycle including optional steps.
Prepare correcting entries.
Prepare a classified balance sheet.
Illustrate measures used to evaluate liquidity.
Prepare a work sheet (Appendix 4A).
Prepare reversing entries (Appendix 4B).
Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

29. Using Information in the Financial Statements
Liquidity: the ability to pay obligations as they come due within the next year
Working capital: an important measure of liquidity
= Current assets - Current liabilities
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30. Using Information in the Financial Statements (Continued)
Current ratio: a measure of short-term debt-paying ability
= Current assets ÷ Current liabilities
Acid-test ratio: measures immediate short-term liquidity
={Cash + Short-term investments + Receivables} ÷ Current liabilities
Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

31. CHAPTER 4: Completion of the Accounting Cycle
STUDY OBJECTIVES:
Prepare closing entries and a post-closing trial balance.
Explain the steps in the accounting cycle including optional steps.
Prepare correcting entries.
Prepare a classified balance sheet.
Illustrate measures used to evaluate liquidity.
Prepare a work sheet (Appendix 4A).
Prepare reversing entries (Appendix 4B).
Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

32. Appendix 4A: Work Sheets
A multiple-column form used in preparing financial statements
Steps in preparing a work sheet:
Prepare a trial balance on the work sheet
Enter adjustments in the adjustment columns
Enter adjusted balances in the adjusted trial balance columns
Enter adjusted trial balance amounts in the correct financial statement columns
Total columns, calculate profit (loss) and complete the work sheet
Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

33. CHAPTER 4: Completion of the Accounting Cycle
STUDY OBJECTIVES:
Prepare closing entries and a post-closing trial balance.
Explain the steps in the accounting cycle including optional steps.
Prepare correcting entries.
Prepare a classified balance sheet.
Illustrate measures used to evaluate liquidity.
Prepare a work sheet (Appendix 4A).
Prepare reversing entries (Appendix 4B).
Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

34. Appendix 4B: Reversing Entries
Entries that reverse the adjusting entries at the beginning of the next period
Used to reverse accrued revenues and expenses
Simplifies the recording of future transactions related to an adjusting entry
When transaction is recorded, no need to refer back to adjusting entries to determine how much relates to prior period
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35. Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Access Copyright (the Canadian copyright licensing agency) is unlawful. Requests for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his or her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The author and the publisher assume no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these files or programs or from the use of the information contained herein.
Prepared by:
A. Davis, MSc, BComm, CA, CFE
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