1. § 7.7 Complex Numbers

2. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 4e – Slide #94 Complex Numbers The Imaginary Unit i The imaginary unit i is defined as The Square Root of a Negative Number If b is a positive real number, then

3. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 4e – Slide #95 Complex NumbersEXAMPLE Write as a multiple of i: SOLUTION

4. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 4e – Slide #96 Complex Numbers Complex Numbers & Imaginary Numbers The set of all numbers in the form with real numbers a and b, and i, the imaginary unit, is called the set of complex numbers. The real number a is called the real part, and the real number b is called the imaginary part of the complex number If, then the complex number is called an imaginary number.

5. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 4e – Slide #97 Complex Numbers Adding & Subtracting Complex Numbers 1) In words, this says that you add complex numbers by adding their real parts, adding their imaginary parts, and expressing the sum as a complex number. 2) In words, this says that you subtract complex numbers by subtracting their real parts, subtracting their imaginary parts, and expressing the difference as a complex number.

6. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 4e – Slide #98 Complex NumbersEXAMPLE Perform the indicated operations, writing the result in the form a + bi: (a) (-9 + 2i) – (-17 – 6i) (b) (-2 + 6i) + (4 - i). SOLUTION (a) (-9 + 2i) – (-17 – 6i) = -9 + 2i + 17 + 6i = -9 + 17 + 2i + 6i = (-9 + 17) + (2 + 6)i = 8 + 8i Remove the parentheses. Change signs of the real and imaginary parts being subtracted. Group real and imaginary terms. Add real parts and imaginary parts. Simplify.

7. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 4e – Slide #99 Complex Numbers (b) (-2 + 6i) + (4 - i) = -2 + 6i + 4 - i = -2 + 4 + 6i - i = (-2 + 4) + (6 - 1)i = 2 + 5i Remove the parentheses. Group real and imaginary terms. Add real parts and imaginary parts. Simplify. CONTINUED

8. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 4e – Slide #100 Complex NumbersEXAMPLE Find the products: (a) -6i(3 – 5i) (b) (-4 + 2i)(-4 - 2i). SOLUTION (a) -6i(3 – 5i) Distribute -6i through the parentheses. Multiply. Replace with -1. Simplify and write in a + bi form. (b) (-4 + 2i)(-4 – 2i) Use the FOIL method.

9. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 4e – Slide #101 Complex NumbersCONTINUED Group real and imaginary terms. Combine real and imaginary terms.

10. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 4e – Slide #102 Complex Numbers Multiplying Complex Numbers Because the product rule for radicals only applies to real numbers, multiplying radicands is incorrect. When performing operations with square roots of negative numbers, begin by expressing all square roots in terms of i. Then perform the indicated operation.

11. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 4e – Slide #103 Complex NumbersEXAMPLE Multiply: SOLUTION Express square roots in terms of i. The square root of 64 is 8.

12. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 4e – Slide #104 Complex NumbersEXAMPLE Divide and simplify to the form a + bi: SOLUTION Multiply by 1. The conjugate of the denominator is 4 – 2i. Multiplication of both the numerator and the denominator by 4 – 2i will eliminate i from the denominator. Use FOIL in the numerator and in the denominator.

13. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 4e – Slide #105 Complex Numbers Simplify. CONTINUED Perform the multiplications involving -1. Combine like terms in the numerator and denominator. Express answer in the form a + bi. Simplify.

14. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 4e – Slide #106 Complex NumbersEXAMPLE Divide and simplify to the form a + bi: SOLUTION Multiply by 1. The conjugate of the denominator, 0 - 4i, is 0 + 4i. Multiplication of both the numerator and the denominator by 4i will eliminate i from the denominator. Multiply. Use the distributive property in the numerator.

15. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 4e – Slide #107 Complex Numbers Perform the multiplications involving -1. CONTINUED Express the division in the form a + bi. Simplify real and imaginary parts.

16. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 4e – Slide #108 Complex Numbers Simplifying Powers of i 1) Express the given power of i in terms of 2) Replace with -1 and simplify. Use the fact that -1 to an even power is 1 and -1 to an odd power is -1.

17. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 4e – Slide #109 Complex NumbersEXAMPLE Simplify: SOLUTION