1. Psychology 203 Human Development
Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence (Chapter 11)

2. ADOLESCENCE: A DEVELOPMENTAL TRANSITION
Adolescence: Developmental transition between childhood and adulthood entailing major physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes.
Puberty: Process by which a person attains sexual maturity and the ability to reproduce.
Pubescence: Term meaning puberty.

3. PUBERTY: THE END OF CHILDHOOD PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Secular trend
Trend that can be seen only by observing several generations, such as the trend toward earlier attainment of adult height and sexual maturity, which began a century ago.
Adolescent growth spurt
Sharp increase in height and weight that precedes sexual maturity

4. Adolescent growth spurt
Height in
centimeters
190
170
150
130
110 90 70 50 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Age in years
Boys
Girls
Throughout childhood, boys and girls are similar in height. At puberty, girls surge ahead briefly, but then boys overtake them at about age 14.

5. Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics
Primary sex characteristics
Organs directly related to reproduction, which enlarge and mature during adolescence.
Secondary sex characteristics
Physiological signs of sexual maturation (such as breast development and growth of body hair) that do not involve the sex organs.
Areolae
The pigmented areas surrounding the nipples, which enlarge during puberty.

6. Signs of Sexual Maturity Sperm Production and Menstruation
Nocturnal emission
An involuntary ejaculation of semen (commonly referred to as a wet dream) that happens at night in males.
Spermarche
Boy's first ejaculation
Menstruation
The monthly shedding of tissue from the lining of the womb.
Menarche
Girl's first menstruation
Pheromones
Odorous chemicals that attract mates in animals and possibly in humans.

7. Signs of Sexual Maturity Sperm Production and Menstruation

8. Signs of Sexual Maturity Time Table

9. PHYSICAL HEALTH Physical Fitness Sleep Needs
Most are and stay in good health
High School boys tend to get more exercise the girls
Sleep Needs
Circadian timing system: The natural sleep‑wake cycle of the brain, lasting 24 hours (School timing different then cycle)
Melatonin: A hormone secreted by the pineal gland which promotes sleep.

10. Nutrition and Eating Disorders
Obesity
Body Image and Eating Disorders
Descriptive and evaluative beliefs about one's appearance.
Anorexia Nervosa: Eating disorder characterized by self‑starvation.
Bulimia nervosa: Eating disorder in which a person regularly eats huge quantities of food and then purges the body by laxatives, induced vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise.
Binge eating disorder: Frequent bingeing without subsequent fasting, exercise, or vomiting.

11. Use and Abuse of Drugs Risk Factors for Drug Abuse
Poor impulse control and sensation‑seeking
Family influences
Difficult temperament
Early and persistent behavior problems
Academic failure and lack of commitment to education
Peer rejection
Associating with drug users
Alienation and rebelliousness
Favorable attitudes toward drug use
Early initiation into drug use

12. Use and Abuse of Drugs

13. Death in Adolescence Deaths from Vehicle Accidents and Firearms
Suicide

14. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Formal operations: Piaget's final stage of cognitive development, characterized by the ability to think abstractly.
Hypothetical‑deductive reasoning: Ability, believed by Piaget to accompany the state of formal operations, to develop, consider, and test hypotheses
Metacognition: Awareness and monitoring of one's own mental processes and strategies.
Social perspective‑taking: The ability to understand another person's point of view and level of knowledge and to speak accordingly.

15. Immature Characteristics of Adolescent Thought (Elkind)
Six Characteristics of Immature Adolescent Thought:
Idealism and Criticalness – Adult systems are not perfect
Argumentativeness – Ability to reason
Indecisiveness – Ability to see different sides in decision
Apparent Hypocrisy – Realize adults are less than perfect
Self‑consciousness – Assume everyone is thinking and watching them
Specialness and Invulnerability – no concept of death
Imaginary audience: an observer who exists only in an adolescent's mind and is as concerned with the adolescent's thoughts and actions as the adolescent is.
Personal fable: the conviction that one is special, unique, and not subject to the rules that govern the rest of the world.

16. Moral Reasoning: (Kohlberg's Theory)
Morality of abstract
principles: to affirm
agreed-upon rights and
personal ethical principles
Morality of law and
social rules: to gain
approval or avoid
disapproval
Morality of self-interest:
to avoid punishment
or gain concrete rewards
Postconventional
level
Conventional
Preconventional
As moral development progresses, the focus of concern moves from the self to the wider social world

17. Evaluating Kohlberg's Theory
Family Influences – Parents influence on moral issues
Validity for Women and Girls – May not apply to girls
Cross‑cultural Validity
Female genital mutilation: Female circumcision.

18. Social Development The changing parent-child relationship 100% 8060 40 20
2 to to to 11
Ages of child in years
Percent with
positive, warm
interaction
with parents

19. Influences on School Achievement
Self‑Efficacy Beliefs and Academic Motivation
Self‑efficacy: Belief in one's own mastery of situations, such as mastery of academic material.
Use of Time
Socioeconomic Status and the Family Environment

20. Influences on School Achievement Parental Involvement and Parenting Styles
Authoritative parents
Those who are warm, involved, and encourage their adolescents to be independent while maintaining reasonable control and discipline.
Authoritarian parents
Those who are controlling without warmth, rigid, overly punitive, and discourage inquiry.
Permissive parents
Those who seem not to care about adolescent grades and make no rules, and who are relatively uninvolved with their adolescents.

21. Influences on School Achievement School Factors
Dropping Out of High School
Active engagement: Involvement in schooling and Vocational Preparation
Influences on Students' Aspiration
Guiding Students Not Bound for College
Should High School Students Work Part Time?