1. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.15-1 Chapter 15: Cognitive Processes in Adolescents 15.1 Cognition 15.2 Reasoning About Moral Issues 15.3 The World of Work 15.4 Special Challenges

2. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.15-2 15.1 Cognition Piaget’s Stage of Formal Operational Reasoning Information Processing During Adolescence

3. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.15-3 Piaget’s Stage of Formal Operational Reasoning Begins at about 11 and continues through adulthood Children now able to think hypothetically and abstractly Can use deductive reasoning Beliefs can interfere with reasoning

4. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.15-4 Ratings of Validity of Studies

5. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.15-5 Information Processing During Adolescence Capacity of working memory and speed of processing reach adult levels Acquire adult-like levels of knowledge and understanding in many areas Adolescents are quite skilled at choosing strategies and monitoring effectiveness

6. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.15-6 15.2 Reasoning About Moral Issues Kohlberg’s Theory Gilligan’s Ethic of Caring Promoting Moral Reasoning

7. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.15-7 Kohlberg’s Theory 3 levels of moral reasoning beginning with obedience to authority and ending with decisions based on moral principles Support for the theory: people progress through the stages in sequence and moral reasoning is linked to moral behaviour Cross-cultural evidence is inconsistent

8. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.15-8 Gilligan’s Ethic of Caring Gilligan: caring is more important than justice and becomes more sophisticated Justice and care both serve as a basis for moral reasoning depending on the nature of the moral problem

9. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.15-9 Promoting Moral Reasoning Discussions about moral issues and exposure to higher levels of reasoning Just Communities foster discussion and provide exposure to higher levels of reasoning

10. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.15-10 15.3 The World of Work Career Development Part-Time Employment

11. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.15-11 Career Development Super’s theory: identity is primary force in career choice Teens go through stages of crystallization, specification, and implementation when choosing a career Holland’s theory: 6 personality types are basis for finding fulfilling jobs or careers

12. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.15-12 Part-Time Employment Majority of high school seniors work part-time In 1998, nearly half of Canadian young people between the ages 15 and 24 were working were working in retail sales and service-industry jobs. Negative effects: school performance suffers, mental health and behavioural problems, and misleading affluence

13. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.15-13 15.4 Special Challenges Learning Disabilities Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Cognitive Delay

14. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.15-14 Children with Learning Disabilities Children with learning disabilities have normal intelligence, but have difficulty mastering academic material Many varieties of learning disabilities making it difficult to diagnose and equally difficult to identify appropriate treatments

15. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.15-15 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Shows a combination of overactivity, inattention, and impulsivity More common in boys than girls Often treated with stimulant drugs, instructions on regulating behaviour, and parent training

16. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.15-16 Persistence of ADHD

17. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.15-17 Cognitive Delay Defined as below-average test scores along with problems adapting to the environment The most severe forms are less common 90% are mildly or educably delayed

18. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.15-18 Levels of Cognitive Delay